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Abstract
This study aims to explore investment strategies and alternative assets in modern finance to provide insights for effective portfolio management. The research design encompasses a comprehensive literature review analyzing theoretical frameworks, empirical evidence, and practical implications. Findings reveal the historical performance and risk characteristics of traditional investment instruments and alternative assets. Stocks display higher returns but also higher volatility compared to bonds, while alternative assets demonstrate potential for portfolio diversification. However, challenges such as liquidity constraints and regulatory uncertainties exist. The discussion emphasizes the importance of adopting a diversified approach to portfolio management, leveraging both traditional and alternative assets to achieve optimal risk-adjusted returns. Incorporating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors and leveraging financial technology (fintech) innovations are identified as strategies to enhance portfolio resilience and sustainability. The implications suggest the need for investors to adapt their strategies to navigate the complexities of today's financial markets effectively, staying agile and proactive in managing risks while seizing opportunities.
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References
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- Cumming, D., Meoli, M., & Vismara, S. (2019). Fintech venture capital. Journal of Corporate Finance, 55, 389-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2019.01.009
- Dai, Y., & Saunders, A. (2016). Liquidity shocks and institutional investing: Evidence from the 2007–2009 financial crisis. Journal of Financial Markets, 29, 91-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmar.2016.02.002
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- Hong, H., & Kacperczyk, M. (2009). The price of sin: The effects of social norms on markets. Journal of Financial Economics, 93(1), 15-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.04.005
- Ibbotson, R. G., & Kaplan, P. D. (2000). Does asset allocation policy explain 40, 90, or 100 percent of performance? Financial Analysts Journal, 56(1), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.2469/f
- Ibbotson, R. G., & Siegel, L. B. (2014). Stocks, Bonds, Bills, and Inflation: Year-by-Year Historical Returns (1926-2013). John Wiley & Sons.
- Jacque, L. L. (2019). International Corporate Finance. John Wiley & Sons.
- Krasnostanova, O. (2022). The Impact of Digital Technologies and Exogenous Factors on the Global Financial System. International Journal of Finance, 10(2), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.1998776
- Lhabitant, F. S. (2019). Handbook of Hedge Funds. John Wiley & Sons.
- Liu, C. (2019). Determinants of International Currency. Journal of International Economics, 35(3), 189-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.12.003
- Silva, M. (2020). Linkage of Monetary and Financial Processes with the Real Economy. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 25(4), 123-135.
- Swensen, D. F. (2000). Pioneering Portfolio Management: An Unconventional Approach to Institutional Investment. Simon and Schuster.
References
Agarwal, S., Fung, W. H., & Loon, Y. C. (2014). Liquidity risk and institutional ownership. Journal of Banking & Finance, 40, 204-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.11.031
Agarwal, V., Daniel, N. D., & Naik, N. Y. (2014). Role of Liquidity in Asset Pricing: The Case of the Equity Liquidity Premium. Journal of Financial Economics, 103(3), 632-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.10.004
Ang, A., Goetzmann, W. N., & Schaefer, S. (2012). Evaluation of active management of the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global. Norges Bank Working Paper, (2012/08).
Barth, J. R., Caprio Jr, G., & Levine, R. (2016). Bank regulation and supervision in 180 countries from 1999 to 2011. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 8(2), 288-318. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFEP-09-2015-0054
Ben-David, I., Franzoni, F., & Moussawi, R. (2018). ETFs, arbitrage, and contagion. Journal of Financial
Biais, B., Bisière, C., & Pouget, S. (2020). Cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin and beyond. Review of Financial Studies, 33(5), 1798-1848. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhaa060
Borio, C., Furfine, C., & Lowe, P. (2000). Procyclicality of the financial system and financial stability: issues and policy options. BIS Papers, (1), 1-57.
Bouri, E., Molnár, P., Azzi, G., Roubaud, D., & Hagfors, L. I. (2017). On the hedge and safe haven properties of Bitcoin: Is it really more than a diversifier? Finance Research Letters, 20, 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2016.08.008
Brinson, G. P., Hood, L. R., & Beebower, G. L. (1986). Determinants of portfolio performance. Financial Analysts Journal, 42(4), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v42.n4.39
Campbell, J. Y., Lo, A. W., & MacKinlay, A. C. (1997). The econometrics of financial markets. Princeton University Press.
Carhart, M. M. (1997). On persistence in mutual fund performance. The Journal of Finance, 52(1), 57-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03808.x
Chincarini, L., & Kim, D. (2006). Quantitative equity portfolio management: Modern techniques and applications. CRC Press.
Clarke, R. G., de Silva, H., & Thorley, S. (2012). Portfolio constraints and the fundamental law of active management. Financial Analysts Journal, 68(2), 42-55. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v68.n2.6
Cumming, D., Johan, S., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Financial Technology and Blockchain Research. Journal of Corporate Finance, 56, 334-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2018.12.011
Cumming, D., Meoli, M., & Vismara, S. (2019). Fintech venture capital. Journal of Corporate Finance, 55, 389-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2019.01.009
Dai, Y., & Saunders, A. (2016). Liquidity shocks and institutional investing: Evidence from the 2007–2009 financial crisis. Journal of Financial Markets, 29, 91-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmar.2016.02.002
Eling, M., & Faust, R. (2010). The performance of hedge funds and mutual funds in emerging markets. Journal of Banking & Finance, 34(8), 1993-2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.12.004
Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1992). The cross‐section of expected stock returns. The Journal of Finance, 47(2), 427-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04398.x
Geczy, C., Stambaugh, R. F., & Levin, D. (2015). Investing in social networks. Journal of Financial Economics, 118(3), 540-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2015.05.003
Geltner, D., Miller, N., Clayton, J., & Eichholtz, P. (2019). Commercial real estate analysis and investments. Nelson Education.
Gomber, P., Koch, J. A., & Siering, M. (2018). Digital finance and FinTech: current research and future research directions. Journal of Business Economics, 88(5), 537-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-018-0891-9
Gorton, G., & Rouwenhorst, K. G. (2006). Facts and fantasies about commodity futures. Financial Analysts Journal, 62(2), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v62.n2.4123
Hong, H., & Kacperczyk, M. (2009). The price of sin: The effects of social norms on markets. Journal of Financial Economics, 93(1), 15-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.04.005
Ibbotson, R. G., & Kaplan, P. D. (2000). Does asset allocation policy explain 40, 90, or 100 percent of performance? Financial Analysts Journal, 56(1), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.2469/f
Ibbotson, R. G., & Siegel, L. B. (2014). Stocks, Bonds, Bills, and Inflation: Year-by-Year Historical Returns (1926-2013). John Wiley & Sons.
Jacque, L. L. (2019). International Corporate Finance. John Wiley & Sons.
Krasnostanova, O. (2022). The Impact of Digital Technologies and Exogenous Factors on the Global Financial System. International Journal of Finance, 10(2), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.1998776
Lhabitant, F. S. (2019). Handbook of Hedge Funds. John Wiley & Sons.
Liu, C. (2019). Determinants of International Currency. Journal of International Economics, 35(3), 189-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.12.003
Silva, M. (2020). Linkage of Monetary and Financial Processes with the Real Economy. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 25(4), 123-135.
Swensen, D. F. (2000). Pioneering Portfolio Management: An Unconventional Approach to Institutional Investment. Simon and Schuster.