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Abstract
The study aims to critique traditional asset pricing models like the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), highlighting their limitations in capturing the complexities of real-world financial markets. Through meticulous literature review and empirical analysis, it emphasizes the need for more sophisticated frameworks accommodating multifaceted risk and return dynamics. The research unveils significant variations in market efficiency across different conditions and asset classes, underscoring critical determinants such as information dissemination and investor behavior. Moreover, it advocates for integrating insights from behavioral finance into asset pricing models to enhance their robustness. The implications extend to investors, policymakers, and academics, emphasizing the importance of informed decision-making and ongoing research to navigate modern financial markets effectively.
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References
- Aygören, H. (2020). A four-factor model with an efficiency factor. Journal of Asset Management, 21(3), 235-248. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41260-020-00178-x
- Borio, C., & Drehmann, M. (2009). Assessing the Risk of Banking Crises—Revisited. BIS Quarterly Review, March, 29-46. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1397575
- Brunnermeier, M. K., & Pedersen, L. H. (2009). Market Liquidity and Funding Liquidity. Review of Financial Studies, 22(6), 2201-2238. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhn098
- Carhart, M. M. (1997). On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance. The Journal of Finance, 52(1), 57-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03808.x
- Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383-417. https://doi.org/10.2307/2325486
- Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1993). Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 33(1), 3-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(93)90023-5
- Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2015). A Five-Factor Asset Pricing Model. Journal of Financial Economics, 116(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.10.010
- Fernholz, R. T. (2018). A factor in asset pricing influenced by changes in asset price distribution. Quantitative Finance, 18(8), 1383-1394. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697688.2018.1433301
- Hendershott, T., & Riordan, R. (2013). Algorithmic Trading and Information. Journal of Finance, 68(5), 2107-2144. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12023
- Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
- Lintner, J. (1965). The Valuation of Risk Assets and the Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital Budgets. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 47(1), 13-37. https://doi.org/10.2307/1924119
- Lo, A. W. (2004). The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis: Market Efficiency from an Evolutionary Perspective. Journal of Portfolio Management, 30(5), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2004.442611
- Lo, A. W., & MacKinlay, A. C. (1999). A Non-Random Walk Down Wall Street. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcm4j72
- Malkiel, B. G. (2003). The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Critics. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(1), 59-82. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003321164958
- Merton, R. C. (1987). A Simple Model of Capital Market Equilibrium with Incomplete Information. Journal of Finance, 42(3), 483-510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb04565.x
- Sahneh, F. D. (2016). A modified present value model incorporating a noisy signal about future economic fundamentals. Economic Modelling, 59, 568-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.08.024
- Sharpe, W. F. (1964). Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk. The Journal of Finance, 19(3), 425-442. https://doi.org/10.2307/2977928
- Shleifer, A. (2000). Inefficient Markets: An Introduction to Behavioral Finance. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/2692287
- Yoshikawa, H. (2020). Reconsidering market efficiency: A difference between financial markets and the real economy. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 178, 626-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.07.017
References
Aygören, H. (2020). A four-factor model with an efficiency factor. Journal of Asset Management, 21(3), 235-248. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41260-020-00178-x
Borio, C., & Drehmann, M. (2009). Assessing the Risk of Banking Crises—Revisited. BIS Quarterly Review, March, 29-46. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1397575
Brunnermeier, M. K., & Pedersen, L. H. (2009). Market Liquidity and Funding Liquidity. Review of Financial Studies, 22(6), 2201-2238. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhn098
Carhart, M. M. (1997). On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance. The Journal of Finance, 52(1), 57-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03808.x
Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383-417. https://doi.org/10.2307/2325486
Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1993). Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 33(1), 3-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(93)90023-5
Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2015). A Five-Factor Asset Pricing Model. Journal of Financial Economics, 116(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.10.010
Fernholz, R. T. (2018). A factor in asset pricing influenced by changes in asset price distribution. Quantitative Finance, 18(8), 1383-1394. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697688.2018.1433301
Hendershott, T., & Riordan, R. (2013). Algorithmic Trading and Information. Journal of Finance, 68(5), 2107-2144. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12023
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
Lintner, J. (1965). The Valuation of Risk Assets and the Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital Budgets. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 47(1), 13-37. https://doi.org/10.2307/1924119
Lo, A. W. (2004). The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis: Market Efficiency from an Evolutionary Perspective. Journal of Portfolio Management, 30(5), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2004.442611
Lo, A. W., & MacKinlay, A. C. (1999). A Non-Random Walk Down Wall Street. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcm4j72
Malkiel, B. G. (2003). The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Critics. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(1), 59-82. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003321164958
Merton, R. C. (1987). A Simple Model of Capital Market Equilibrium with Incomplete Information. Journal of Finance, 42(3), 483-510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb04565.x
Sahneh, F. D. (2016). A modified present value model incorporating a noisy signal about future economic fundamentals. Economic Modelling, 59, 568-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.08.024
Sharpe, W. F. (1964). Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk. The Journal of Finance, 19(3), 425-442. https://doi.org/10.2307/2977928
Shleifer, A. (2000). Inefficient Markets: An Introduction to Behavioral Finance. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/2692287
Yoshikawa, H. (2020). Reconsidering market efficiency: A difference between financial markets and the real economy. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 178, 626-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.07.017