Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to explore the role of oxytocin massage in reducing stress and anxiety among postpartum mothers while enhancing breastfeeding success. This study investigates the efficacy of oxytocin massage as a non-pharmacological intervention to enhance maternal well-being and lactation outcomes.
Research Method: This study employed a systematic literature review (SLR) approach, analyzing peer-reviewed articles published after 2018 from reputable databases, including Elsevier, Emerald, Wiley, and Springer. Inclusion criteria focused on studies examining oxytocin massage and its impact on postpartum stress, anxiety, and breastfeeding success. Data were synthesized and analyzed thematically to identify patterns and gaps in the literature.
Results and Discussion: The findings revealed that oxytocin massage significantly reduces postpartum stress and anxiety by stimulating the release of oxytocin, which in turn decreases cortisol levels and promotes relaxation. The oxytocin massage also enhances the milk ejection reflex, thereby facilitating successful breastfeeding. Oxytocin massage emerged as an effective, non-invasive intervention for postpartum care.
Implications: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of incorporating oxytocin massage into standard postpartum care practices, both in clinical settings and at home. Health care providers should be trained to educate mothers about proper massage techniques to ensure optimal benefits.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- Adawiyah, R., Qonitun, U., Wijayanti, E. E., & Sari, D. K. P. (2024). Efektifitas Pijat Oksitosin dan Perawatan Payudara Terhadap Kelancaran ASI pada Ibu Postpartum (di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Montong). Merapi: Medical Research and Public Health Information Journal, 1(3), 1–11. https://journal.myrepublikcorp.com/index.php/MERAPI/article/view/129
- Awaliyah, S. N., Rachmawati, I. N., & Rahmah, H. (2019). Breastfeeding self-efficacy as a dominant factor affecting maternal breastfeeding satisfaction. BMC Nursing, 18(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-019-0359-6
- Beck, C. T., & Watson, S. (2008). Impact of birth trauma on breast-feeding: a tale of two pathways. Nursing Research, 57(4), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NNR.0000313494.87282.90
- Brockway, M., Benzies, K., & Hayden, K. A. (2017). Interventions to improve breastfeeding self-efficacy and resultant breastfeeding rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Human Lactation, 33(3), 486–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334417707957
- Buckley, S. J. (2015). Hormonal physiology of childbearing: Evidence and implications for women, babies, and maternity care. https://bpgmobile.rnao.ca/sites/default/files/hormonal-physiology-of-childbearing.pdf
- Carrieri-Kohlman, V. (2005). Non-pharmacological approaches. Dyspnoea in Advanced Disease, 2005, 171–203.
- Chan, M. Y., Ip, W. Y., & Choi, K. C. (2016). The effect of a self-efficacy-based educational program on maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, breastfeeding duration and exclusive breastfeeding rates: A longitudinal study. Midwifery, 36, 92–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.03.003
- Dennis, C.-L., Falah-Hassani, K., & Shiri, R. (2017). Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(5), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187179
- Ermiati, E., Salmaa, Q., Mutia, I., Parisa, G., Aini, A., Fitria, D., Daiatul, R., Indriyanti, D., & Srimurni, N. A. (2024). OXYTOCIN MASSAGE FOR POST PARTUM MOTHERS. Journal of Maternity Care and Reproductive Health, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.36780/jmcrh.v7i1.12277
- Faiza, Z., Rachmawati, D., & Mujito, M. (2023). the Effect of Oxytocin Massage on Breast Milk Production in Postpartum Mothers. Jurnal Kesehatan Hesti Wira Sakti, 11(01), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.47794/jkhws.v11i01.495
- Ghaedrahmati, M., Kazemi, A., Kheirabadi, G., Ebrahimi, A., & Bahrami, M. (2017). Postpartum depression risk factors: A narrative review. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 6(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_9_16
- Gharaei, T., Amiri-Farahani, L., Haghani, S., & Hasanpoor-Azghady, S. B. (2020). The effect of breastfeeding education with grandmothers’ attendance on breastfeeding self-efficacy and infant feeding pattern in Iranian primiparous women: A quasi-experimental pilot study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 15(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-020-00325-5
- Hikmatun, K. D., Purbasari, D., Sari, D., Fitriyani, R., & Komariyah, O. (2024). Oxytocin Massage Education for Postpartum Mothers to Improve the Smooth Production of Breast Milk (Breast Milk). Asian Journal of Healthy and Science, 3(4), 197–202. https://doi.org/10.58631/ajhs.v3i4.118
- James, L., Sweet, L., & Donnellan-Fernandez, R. (2020). Self-efficacy, support and sustainability – a qualitative study of the experience of establishing breastfeeding for first-time Australian mothers following early discharge. International Breastfeeding Journal, 15(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-020-00337-1
- Kartilah, T., & Februanti, S. (2024). Emotional Freedom Techniques and Oxytocin Stimulation Massages that Effectively Reduce Anxiety and Increase Smooth Breast Milk Production of Nursing Mothers. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN), 16(2), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2024.v16i02.005
- Karyati, S., Indanah, I., & Siswanti, H. (2023). Pijat Oksitosin Dan Pijat Endorphin Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Tidur Ibu Nifas. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Dan Kebidanan, 14(1), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.26751/jikk.v14i1.1718
- Kingston, D., Dennis, C.-L., & Sword, W. (2007). Exploring breast-feeding self-efficacy. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 21(3), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JPN.0000285810.13527.a7
- McGovern, L. M., O’Toole, L., Laws, R. A., Skinner, T. C., McAuliffe, F. M., & O’Reilly, S. L. (2024). An exploration of prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy: a scoping review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , 21(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-024-01641-3
- Noviyani, F., & Listiyaningsih, M. D. (2024). Pijat Oksitosin pada Ibu Postpartum sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Produksi Asi. Indonesian Journal of Community Empowerment (Ijce), 6(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.35473/ijce.v6i1.3140
- Nugraha, N. D. (2023). Efektivitas Pijat Oksitosin terhadap Pengeluaran ASI pada Ibu Post Partum. Professional Health Journal, 4(2), 268–272. https://doi.org/10.54832/phj.v4i2.367
- Oggero, M. K., Rozmus, C. L., & LoBiondo-Wood, G. (2024). Effects of prenatal Breastfeeding Education on Breastfeeding Duration Beyond 12 weeks: a systematic review. Health Education & Behavior, 51(5), 665–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981231220668
- Ohmura, N., Okuma, L., Truzzi, A., Esposito, G., & Kuroda, K. O. (2023). Maternal physiological calming responses to infant suckling at the breast. The Journal of Physiological Sciences : JPS, 73(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12576-023-00860-w
- Ollivier, R., Aston, D. M., Price, D. S., Sim, D. M., Benoit, D. B., Joy, D. P., Iduye, D., & Nassaji, N. A. (2021). Mental Health & Parental Concerns during COVID-19: The Experiences of New Mothers Amidst Social Isolation. Midwifery, 94, 102902. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2020.102902
- Osborne, C., Kolakowski, M., & Lobenstine, D. (2021). Pre-And Perinatal Massage Therapy: A Comprehensive Guide to Prenatal, Labor and Postpartum Practice. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Qian, J., Sun, S., Liu, L., & Yu, X. (2021). Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for reducing postpartum fatigue: a systematic review protocol. Bmj Open, 11(10), e051136. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051136
- Rahmawati, I. (2024). Application Of Oxytocin Massage In Postpartum Midwifery Care At Bina Sehat Primary Clinic. Journal of Health Research and Technology, 2(2), 160–163. https://doi.org/10.58439/jhrt.v2i2.232
- Rahmita, H., & Mardiya, R. (2022). Efektivitas Pijat Oksitosin Terhadap Produksi Asi Pada Ibu Menyusui Di Bidan Praktik Mandiri (Bpm) Ernita Kota Pekanbaru. Al-Insyirah Midwifery: Jurnal Ilmu Kebidanan (Journal of Midwifery Sciences), 11(1), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.35328/kebidanan.v11i1.2141
- Sandriani, S., Fitriani, R., & Rahayu, G. Z. (2023). Effect of oxytocin massage on breast milk production in postpartum mothers: A case study. Genius Midwifery Journal, 2(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.56359/genmj.v2i1.237
- Shiraishi, M., Matsuzaki, M., Kurihara, S., Iwamoto, M., & Shimada, M. (2020). Post-breastfeeding stress response and breastfeeding self-efficacy as modifiable predictors of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1), 730. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03431-8
- Shorey, S., Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, E. D., Chan, Y. H., Tam, W. W. S., & Chong, Y. S. (2018). Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 104, 235–248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001
- Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J.-Y., & Bruyère, O. (2019). Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women’s Health, 15, 1745506519844044. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745506519844044
- Smith, C. A., Hill, E., Denejkina, A., Thornton, C., & Dahlen, H. G. (2022). The effectiveness and safety of complementary health approaches to managing postpartum pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Integrative Medicine Research, 11(1), 100758. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2021.100758
- Staneva, A. A., Bogossian, F., & Wittkowski, A. (2015). The experience of psychological distress, depression, and anxiety during pregnancy: A meta-synthesis of qualitative research. Midwifery, 31(6), 563–573. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.03.015
- Sulaeman, R., Lina, P., & Purnamawati, D. (2019). Pengaruh pijat oksitosin terhadap pengeluaran ASI pada Ibu Postpartum primipara. Jurnal Kesehatan Prima, 13(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.32807/jkp.v13i1.193
- Ujung, R. M., & Hutabarat, N. I. (2024). The Effectiveness of Oxytocin Massage and Lavender Aroma Therapy on The Optimization of Breastfeeding Breast-Feeding Women in North Tapanuli District. Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health, 6(2), 1331–1342. https://doi.org/10.30829/contagion.v6i2.21546
- Uvnäs-Moberg, K., & Petersson, M. (2010). Role of oxytocin and oxytocin related effects in manual therapies. The Science and Clinical Application of Manual Therapy, 147–162.
- Wong, M. S., Mou, H., & Chien, W. T. (2021). Effectiveness of educational and supportive intervention for primiparous women on breastfeeding related outcomes and breastfeeding self-efficacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 117, 103874. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103874
- Woolhouse, H., Gartland, D., Mensah, F., & Brown, S. J. (2015). Maternal depression from early pregnancy to 4 years postpartum in a prospective pregnancy cohort study: implications for primary health care. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 122(3), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12837
- Wulan, M. (2019). Pengaruh Kombinasi Pijat Oksitosin Dengan Aromaterapi Lavender Terhadap Produksi ASI Pada Ibu Post Partum Normal Di RSU Haji Medan Tahun 2018. Jurnal Teknologi Kesehatan Dan Ilmu Sosial (Tekesnos), 1(1), 17–26. https://e-journal.sari-mutiara.ac.id/index.php/tekesnos/article/view/923
- Yim, I. S., Stapleton, L. R. T., Guardino, C. M., Hahn-Holbrook, J., & Schetter, C. D. (2015). Biological and Psychosocial Predictors of Postpartum Depression: Systematic Review and Call for Integration. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 99. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426
- Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Li, T., Buntinx, F., & Vermandere, M. (2025). Exploring postpartum women’s experiences, perspectives, and expectations in maternal health care at a Chinese maternity care center: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 25(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-07087-6
References
Adawiyah, R., Qonitun, U., Wijayanti, E. E., & Sari, D. K. P. (2024). Efektifitas Pijat Oksitosin dan Perawatan Payudara Terhadap Kelancaran ASI pada Ibu Postpartum (di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Montong). Merapi: Medical Research and Public Health Information Journal, 1(3), 1–11. https://journal.myrepublikcorp.com/index.php/MERAPI/article/view/129
Awaliyah, S. N., Rachmawati, I. N., & Rahmah, H. (2019). Breastfeeding self-efficacy as a dominant factor affecting maternal breastfeeding satisfaction. BMC Nursing, 18(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-019-0359-6
Beck, C. T., & Watson, S. (2008). Impact of birth trauma on breast-feeding: a tale of two pathways. Nursing Research, 57(4), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NNR.0000313494.87282.90
Brockway, M., Benzies, K., & Hayden, K. A. (2017). Interventions to improve breastfeeding self-efficacy and resultant breastfeeding rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Human Lactation, 33(3), 486–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334417707957
Buckley, S. J. (2015). Hormonal physiology of childbearing: Evidence and implications for women, babies, and maternity care. https://bpgmobile.rnao.ca/sites/default/files/hormonal-physiology-of-childbearing.pdf
Carrieri-Kohlman, V. (2005). Non-pharmacological approaches. Dyspnoea in Advanced Disease, 2005, 171–203.
Chan, M. Y., Ip, W. Y., & Choi, K. C. (2016). The effect of a self-efficacy-based educational program on maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, breastfeeding duration and exclusive breastfeeding rates: A longitudinal study. Midwifery, 36, 92–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.03.003
Dennis, C.-L., Falah-Hassani, K., & Shiri, R. (2017). Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(5), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187179
Ermiati, E., Salmaa, Q., Mutia, I., Parisa, G., Aini, A., Fitria, D., Daiatul, R., Indriyanti, D., & Srimurni, N. A. (2024). OXYTOCIN MASSAGE FOR POST PARTUM MOTHERS. Journal of Maternity Care and Reproductive Health, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.36780/jmcrh.v7i1.12277
Faiza, Z., Rachmawati, D., & Mujito, M. (2023). the Effect of Oxytocin Massage on Breast Milk Production in Postpartum Mothers. Jurnal Kesehatan Hesti Wira Sakti, 11(01), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.47794/jkhws.v11i01.495
Ghaedrahmati, M., Kazemi, A., Kheirabadi, G., Ebrahimi, A., & Bahrami, M. (2017). Postpartum depression risk factors: A narrative review. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 6(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_9_16
Gharaei, T., Amiri-Farahani, L., Haghani, S., & Hasanpoor-Azghady, S. B. (2020). The effect of breastfeeding education with grandmothers’ attendance on breastfeeding self-efficacy and infant feeding pattern in Iranian primiparous women: A quasi-experimental pilot study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 15(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-020-00325-5
Hikmatun, K. D., Purbasari, D., Sari, D., Fitriyani, R., & Komariyah, O. (2024). Oxytocin Massage Education for Postpartum Mothers to Improve the Smooth Production of Breast Milk (Breast Milk). Asian Journal of Healthy and Science, 3(4), 197–202. https://doi.org/10.58631/ajhs.v3i4.118
James, L., Sweet, L., & Donnellan-Fernandez, R. (2020). Self-efficacy, support and sustainability – a qualitative study of the experience of establishing breastfeeding for first-time Australian mothers following early discharge. International Breastfeeding Journal, 15(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-020-00337-1
Kartilah, T., & Februanti, S. (2024). Emotional Freedom Techniques and Oxytocin Stimulation Massages that Effectively Reduce Anxiety and Increase Smooth Breast Milk Production of Nursing Mothers. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN), 16(2), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2024.v16i02.005
Karyati, S., Indanah, I., & Siswanti, H. (2023). Pijat Oksitosin Dan Pijat Endorphin Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Tidur Ibu Nifas. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Dan Kebidanan, 14(1), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.26751/jikk.v14i1.1718
Kingston, D., Dennis, C.-L., & Sword, W. (2007). Exploring breast-feeding self-efficacy. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 21(3), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JPN.0000285810.13527.a7
McGovern, L. M., O’Toole, L., Laws, R. A., Skinner, T. C., McAuliffe, F. M., & O’Reilly, S. L. (2024). An exploration of prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy: a scoping review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , 21(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-024-01641-3
Noviyani, F., & Listiyaningsih, M. D. (2024). Pijat Oksitosin pada Ibu Postpartum sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Produksi Asi. Indonesian Journal of Community Empowerment (Ijce), 6(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.35473/ijce.v6i1.3140
Nugraha, N. D. (2023). Efektivitas Pijat Oksitosin terhadap Pengeluaran ASI pada Ibu Post Partum. Professional Health Journal, 4(2), 268–272. https://doi.org/10.54832/phj.v4i2.367
Oggero, M. K., Rozmus, C. L., & LoBiondo-Wood, G. (2024). Effects of prenatal Breastfeeding Education on Breastfeeding Duration Beyond 12 weeks: a systematic review. Health Education & Behavior, 51(5), 665–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981231220668
Ohmura, N., Okuma, L., Truzzi, A., Esposito, G., & Kuroda, K. O. (2023). Maternal physiological calming responses to infant suckling at the breast. The Journal of Physiological Sciences : JPS, 73(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12576-023-00860-w
Ollivier, R., Aston, D. M., Price, D. S., Sim, D. M., Benoit, D. B., Joy, D. P., Iduye, D., & Nassaji, N. A. (2021). Mental Health & Parental Concerns during COVID-19: The Experiences of New Mothers Amidst Social Isolation. Midwifery, 94, 102902. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2020.102902
Osborne, C., Kolakowski, M., & Lobenstine, D. (2021). Pre-And Perinatal Massage Therapy: A Comprehensive Guide to Prenatal, Labor and Postpartum Practice. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Qian, J., Sun, S., Liu, L., & Yu, X. (2021). Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for reducing postpartum fatigue: a systematic review protocol. Bmj Open, 11(10), e051136. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051136
Rahmawati, I. (2024). Application Of Oxytocin Massage In Postpartum Midwifery Care At Bina Sehat Primary Clinic. Journal of Health Research and Technology, 2(2), 160–163. https://doi.org/10.58439/jhrt.v2i2.232
Rahmita, H., & Mardiya, R. (2022). Efektivitas Pijat Oksitosin Terhadap Produksi Asi Pada Ibu Menyusui Di Bidan Praktik Mandiri (Bpm) Ernita Kota Pekanbaru. Al-Insyirah Midwifery: Jurnal Ilmu Kebidanan (Journal of Midwifery Sciences), 11(1), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.35328/kebidanan.v11i1.2141
Sandriani, S., Fitriani, R., & Rahayu, G. Z. (2023). Effect of oxytocin massage on breast milk production in postpartum mothers: A case study. Genius Midwifery Journal, 2(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.56359/genmj.v2i1.237
Shiraishi, M., Matsuzaki, M., Kurihara, S., Iwamoto, M., & Shimada, M. (2020). Post-breastfeeding stress response and breastfeeding self-efficacy as modifiable predictors of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1), 730. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03431-8
Shorey, S., Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, E. D., Chan, Y. H., Tam, W. W. S., & Chong, Y. S. (2018). Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 104, 235–248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001
Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J.-Y., & Bruyère, O. (2019). Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women’s Health, 15, 1745506519844044. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745506519844044
Smith, C. A., Hill, E., Denejkina, A., Thornton, C., & Dahlen, H. G. (2022). The effectiveness and safety of complementary health approaches to managing postpartum pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Integrative Medicine Research, 11(1), 100758. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2021.100758
Staneva, A. A., Bogossian, F., & Wittkowski, A. (2015). The experience of psychological distress, depression, and anxiety during pregnancy: A meta-synthesis of qualitative research. Midwifery, 31(6), 563–573. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.03.015
Sulaeman, R., Lina, P., & Purnamawati, D. (2019). Pengaruh pijat oksitosin terhadap pengeluaran ASI pada Ibu Postpartum primipara. Jurnal Kesehatan Prima, 13(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.32807/jkp.v13i1.193
Ujung, R. M., & Hutabarat, N. I. (2024). The Effectiveness of Oxytocin Massage and Lavender Aroma Therapy on The Optimization of Breastfeeding Breast-Feeding Women in North Tapanuli District. Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health, 6(2), 1331–1342. https://doi.org/10.30829/contagion.v6i2.21546
Uvnäs-Moberg, K., & Petersson, M. (2010). Role of oxytocin and oxytocin related effects in manual therapies. The Science and Clinical Application of Manual Therapy, 147–162.
Wong, M. S., Mou, H., & Chien, W. T. (2021). Effectiveness of educational and supportive intervention for primiparous women on breastfeeding related outcomes and breastfeeding self-efficacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 117, 103874. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103874
Woolhouse, H., Gartland, D., Mensah, F., & Brown, S. J. (2015). Maternal depression from early pregnancy to 4 years postpartum in a prospective pregnancy cohort study: implications for primary health care. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 122(3), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12837
Wulan, M. (2019). Pengaruh Kombinasi Pijat Oksitosin Dengan Aromaterapi Lavender Terhadap Produksi ASI Pada Ibu Post Partum Normal Di RSU Haji Medan Tahun 2018. Jurnal Teknologi Kesehatan Dan Ilmu Sosial (Tekesnos), 1(1), 17–26. https://e-journal.sari-mutiara.ac.id/index.php/tekesnos/article/view/923
Yim, I. S., Stapleton, L. R. T., Guardino, C. M., Hahn-Holbrook, J., & Schetter, C. D. (2015). Biological and Psychosocial Predictors of Postpartum Depression: Systematic Review and Call for Integration. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 99. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426
Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Li, T., Buntinx, F., & Vermandere, M. (2025). Exploring postpartum women’s experiences, perspectives, and expectations in maternal health care at a Chinese maternity care center: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 25(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-07087-6