Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 40 Download : 16

Main Article Content

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to formulate a face mist preparation containing ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%, and to evaluate its antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes, a primary acne-causing bacterium.


Research Method: This study employed a laboratory-based experimental design with a post-test-only control group. Data were collected through experimental observations. The face mist was formulated with three extract concentrations (F1: 10%, F2: 15%, and F3: 20%), with a face mist base as the negative control and clindamycin as the positive control. The preparations underwent organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, and spreadability tests. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method, and the data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA with a significance level of p < 0.005.


Results and Discussion: The formulations met the physical property standards, showing a brownish-green color, liquid consistency, and a characteristic papaya leaf aroma. All samples were homogeneous, with pH values ranging from 5.08 to 5.16, and spreadability between 5.33 and 5.75 cm. The highest antibacterial activity was observed in F3 (20%) with an average inhibition zone of 16.3 mm.


Implications: The findings suggest that papaya leaf ethanol extract is a promising natural ingredient for face mist formulations with antibacterial properties, offering potential as an alternative acne treatment product.

Keywords

extract face mist propionibacterium acnes antibacterial activity herbal skincare

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Mustaanah, A. N., Fadel, M. N., & Khudzaifi, M. (2025). Formulation Research and Antibacterial Activity Test of Face Mist Preparation from Ethanol Extract of Papaya Leaves (Carica Papaya L.) Against Propionibacterium Acnes. Advances in Healthcare Research, 3(2), 371–392. https://doi.org/10.60079/ahr.v3i2.559
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Adjeng, A. N. T., Hairah, S., Herman, S., Ruslin, R., Fitrawan, L. O. M., Sartinah, A., Ali, N. F. M., & Sabarudin, S. (2019). Skrining Fitokimia dan Evaluasi Sediaan Sabun Cair Ekstrak Etanol 96% Kulit Buah Salak Pondoh (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss.) Sebagai Antioksidan. Pharmauho: Jurnal Farmasi, Sains, Dan Kesehatan, 5(2), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.33772/pharmauho.v5i2.10170
  2. Agarwal, T., Tan, S.-A., Onesto, V., Law, J. X., Agrawal, G., Pal, S., Lim, W. L., Sharifi, E., Moghaddam, F. D., & Maiti, T. K. (2021). Engineered herbal scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration: Recent trends and technologies. Biomedical Engineering Advances, 2, 100015. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bea.2021.100015
  3. Agustina, N. B., Bening, N., Febriyani, P., & Astuti, P. (2025). Optimalisasi Pertumbuhan Bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes pada Media Nutrien Agar. Jurnal Mahasiswa Ilmu Kesehatan, 3, 1–8.
  4. Alina, P., Kiełb Ewa, P., & František, Z. (2023). Antimicrobial Activity of Saponin-Containing Plants: Review. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research, 12(2), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.15406/jdvar.2023.12.00336
  5. Arnandea, D., & Murrukmihadii, M. (2020). Pengaruh Ekstrak Etanol 70% Buah Stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa) Dalam Sediaan Facial Spray Gel Terhadap Sifat Fisik, Stabilitas Fisik Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan. Indonesia Natural Research Pharmaceutical Journal, 5(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.52447/inspj.v5i1.1766
  6. Aspia, N., Malahayati, S., & Oktaviannoor, H. (2024). Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Sediaan Face Mist Anti Jerawat Ekstrak Bunga Melati (Jasminum Sambac L). Jurnal Surya Medika, 10(1), 288–294. https://doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v10i1.7231
  7. Asworo, R. Y., & Widwiastuti, H. (2023). Pengaruh Ukuran Serbuk Simplisia dan Waktu Maserasi terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Kulit Sirsak. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 3(2), 256–263. https://doi.org/10.37311/ijpe.v3i2.19906
  8. Beig, M., Shirazi, O., Ebrahimi, E., Banadkouki, A. Z., Golab, N., & Sholeh, M. (2024). Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) isolates, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 39, 82–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2024.07.005
  9. Blaskovich, M. A. T., Elliott, A. G., Kavanagh, A. M., Ramu, S., & Cooper, M. A. (2019). In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Acne Drugs Against Skin-Associated Bacteria. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 14658. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50746-4
  10. Cacciapuoti, S., Luciano, M. A., Megna, M., Annunziata, M. C., Napolitano, M., Patruno, C., Scala, E., Colicchio, R., Pagliuca, C., Salvatore, P., & Fabbrocini, G. (2020). The role of thermal water in chronic skin diseases management: A review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(9), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093047
  11. Cendana, Y., Adrianta, K. A., & Suena, N. M. D. S. (2021). Formulasi Spray Gel Minyak Atsiri Kayu Cendana (Santalum album L.) sebagai Salah Satu Kandidat Sediaan Anti Inflamasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento, 7(2), 84–89.
  12. Chaijan, S., Chaijan, M., Saelee, N., Uawisetwathana, U., Panya, A., Phonsatta, N., Cheong, L.-Z., & Panpipat, W. (2025). Decoding the role of leaf maturity in shaping metabolite landscapes and enhancing bioactive properties of Thai papaya (Carica papaya L.): Insights from in vitro analysis. Industrial Crops and Products, 230, 121095. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121095
  13. Chezar, M., Hasanuddin, S., & Dewi, C. (2025). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelengkeng (Dimocarpuslongan L .) Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium acne dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Jurnal Pharmacia Mandala Waluya, 4(1), 9–16.
  14. Dhina, M. A., Mubaroq, S. R., & Astia, M. (2019). Formulasi Permen Jelly Ekstrak Pegagan Centella asiatica ( L .) Urb .) Dengan Variasi Basis Karagenan Dan Konjak Untuk Peningkat Daya Ingat Anak. Jurnal FamilyEdu, V(1), 1–76.
  15. Fadel, M. N., Huda, N., Hasriyani, Besan, E. J., & Ayuningsih, S. (2024). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa Blume) Pada Sediaan Gel Hand Sanitizer. IJF (Indonesia Jurnal Farmasi), 9, 1–12.
  16. Fadhilah, P. N., Trisnaningsih, H., Pujiastuti, A., & Vifta, R. L. (2022). Pemberdayaan Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) Desa Kemetul Melalui Pelatihan Soft Skill Pembuatan Produk Jamu. Indonesian Journal of Community Empowerment (IJCE), 4, 209–215.
  17. Fournière, M., Latire, T., Souak, D., Feuilloley, M. G. J., & Bedoux, G. (2020). Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes: Two Major Sentinels of Skin Microbiota and the Influence of Cosmetics. Microorganisms, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111752
  18. Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(3), 308–319. https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.22804
  19. Handoyo, D. L. Y., & Pranoto, M. E. (2020). Pengaruh Variasi Suhu Pengeringan Terhadap Pembuatan Simplisia Daun Mimba (Azadirachta Indica). Jurnal Farmasi Tinctura, 1(2), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.35316/tinctura.v1i2.988
  20. Hasanah, N., & Novian, D. R. (2020a). Analisis Ekstrak Etanol Buah Labu Kuning (Cucurbita Moschata D.). Parapemikir : Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 9(1), 54–59.
  21. Hasanah, N., & Novian, D. R. (2020b). Daya Hambat Ekstrak Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) Terhadap Bakteri Penyebab Jerawat (Propionibacterium acnes). Parapemikir : Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 9(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.30591/pjif.v9i1.1753
  22. Hayati, R., Sari, A., & Chairunnisa, C. (2019). Formulasi Spray Gel Ekstrak Etil Asetat Bunga Melati (Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.) Sebagai Antijerawat. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product, 2(2), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.35473/ijpnp.v2i2.256
  23. Herliningsih, & Anggraini, N. (2021). Formulasi Facemist Ekstrak Etanol Buah Bengkuang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb) Dengan Menggunakan Pewarna Alami Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). HERBAPHARMA : Journal of Herb Farmacological, 3(2), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.55093/herbapharma.v3i2.171
  24. Jati, N. K., Tri Prasetya, A., & Mursiti, S. (2019). Isolasi, Identifikasi, dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Senyawa Alkaloid pada Daun Pepaya Info Artikel. Jurnal MIPA, 42(1), 1–6.
  25. Kabakoran, J. F., Niwele, A., & Yuyun, M. (2022). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Turi (Sesbania grandiflora L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus Dengan Metode Cakram. Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan, 1(2), 126–141. https://doi.org/10.55606/klinik.v1i2.1162
  26. Kaczmarek, B. (2020). Tannic Acid with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity as A Promising Component of Biomaterials-A Minireview. Materials, 13(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143224
  27. Kantari, W. W., & Ariyanti, D. (2024). Karaterisasi Biokimia Kandidat Bakteri Endofit Dari Alga Hijau ( Ulva lactuca ) Sebagai Bioprospeksi Agen Pengendalian Hayati. Biomaras: Journal of Life Science and Technology, 2(2), 63–73.
  28. Khudzaifi, M., Fadel, M. N., Arif, F., Akhyasin, A., & Retnowati, E. (2022). Uji Aktivitas Antijamur Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) Terhadap Candida albicans. Indonesia Jurnal Farmasi, 7(2), 38. https://doi.org/10.26751/ijf.v7i2.1762
  29. Khudzaifi, M., Manik, N., Fadel, M. N., Kurniawan, G., & Presticasari, H. (2024). Perbandingan Kadar Flavonoid Sebagai Antibakteri Dari Ekstrak Batang Pisang Kepok (Musa Balbisiana ) Dan Ekstrak Batang Pisang Ambon (Musa Acuminata) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus. IJF (Indonesia Jurnal Farmasi), 8(2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.26751/ijf.v8i2.2261
  30. Kurnia, E. W., Riska, B., & Permatasari, D. A. I. (2023). Formulasi Sediaan Krim Dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Tween 80 Dan Span 80. Duta Pharma Journal, 3(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.47701/djp.v3i1.2648
  31. Larasati, K., & Setyowati, E. (2022). Kelayakan Masker Lumpur Untuk Mengeringkan Jerawat. Beauty and Beauty Health Education, 11(2), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.15294/bbhe.v11i2.33631
  32. Lebeer, S., Oerlemans, E. F. M., Claes, I., Henkens, T., Delanghe, L., Wuyts, S., Spacova, I., van den Broek, M. F. L., Tuyaerts, I., Wittouck, S., De Boeck, I., Allonsius, C. N., Kiekens, F., & Lambert, J. (2022). Selective targeting of skin pathobionts and inflammation with topically applied lactobacilli. Cell Reports Medicine, 3(2), 100521. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100521
  33. Maharadingga, M., Pahriyani, A., & Arista, D. (2021). Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Pada Hamster Syrian Jantan Hiperglikemia Dan Hiperkolesterolemia Dengan Parameter Pengukuran Kolesterol Total Dan LDL. Lumbung Farmasi: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 2(2), 80. https://doi.org/10.31764/lf.v2i2.5488
  34. Maharani, A. G. D. G., Sukiman, Sukenti, K., Hidayati, E., & Sarkono. (2022). Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Samota Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(1), 39–47.
  35. Maslahah, N. (2024). Standar Simplisia Tanaman Obat Sebagai Bahan Sediaan Herbal. 2(2), 1–4.
  36. Mayefis, D., Marliza, H., & Yufiradani. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) Terhadap Propionibacterium acnes Penyebab Jerawat. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 2(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v2i1.70
  37. McLaughlin, J., Watterson, S., Layton, A. M., Bjourson, A. J., Barnard, E., & McDowell, A. (2019). Propionibacterium acnes and Acne Vulgaris: New Insights from the Integration of Population Genetic, Multi-Omic, Biochemical and Host-Microbe Studies. Microorganisms, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7050128
  38. Monoarfa, P. S. M., Murni, S., & Tulung, J. E. (2022). Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Sub Sektor Transportasi Yang Terdaftar Di Bei Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal EMBA : Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 10(3), 365. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v10i3.41899
  39. Muzayanah, F., Saraswati, M., & Supriyanto. (2024). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Sediaan Face Mist Ekstrak Kulit Buah Naga Merah ( Hylocereus Polyrhizus ). Pratama Medika: Jurnal Kesehatan, 7(2), 61–70.
  40. Nafi, R. K., Februyani, N., & Al-Bari, A. (2023). Formulasi Dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Pada Sediaan Gel Serum Antijerawat Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes. Indonesian Journal of Health Science, 3(2a), 327–332. https://doi.org/10.54957/ijhs.v3i2a.513
  41. Nascimento, N. S., Torres‐Obreque, K. M., Oliveira, C. A., Rabelo, J., Baby, A. R., Long, P. F., Young, A. R., & Rangel‐Yagui, C. de O. (2024). Enzymes for dermatological use. Experimental Dermatology, 33(1), e15008. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.15008
  42. Nurhaini, S., Turahman, T., & Aisiyah, S. (2024). Formulasi Sleeping Mask Ekstrak Daun Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis L.) Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Karbopol 940 dan Uji Aktivitas Sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Propionibacterium acnes. Pharmasipha : Pharmaceutical Journal of Islamic Pharmacy, 7(2), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.21111/pharmasipha.v7i2.10005
  43. Nurmasliah, N., Mulyanti, Y., & Balkist, P. S. (2022). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Mind Mapping Berbasis Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Terhadap Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep Matematis Peserta Didik. Jurnal PEKA (Pendidikan Matematika), 6(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.37150/jp.v6i1.1667
  44. Oktavia, F. D., & Sutoyo, S. (2021). Skrining Fitokimia, Kandungan Flavonoid Total, Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Tumbuhan Selaginella doederleinii. Jurnal Kimia Riset, 6(2), 141. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v6i2.30904
  45. Priamsari, M. R., & Rokhana, A. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanolik Daun Mengkudu (Morinda Citrifolia L.) Terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus Pyogenes secara In Vitro. Journal of Pharmacy, 9(2), 15–20.
  46. Rahmah, W. N., Hidayani, A., Ramdhani, F. H., & Rozi, A. F. (2020). Gambaran Hasil Uji Sensitivitas Antibiotik Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli dengan Metode DISC dan Sumuran. Jurnal Surya Medika, 10, 344–348.
  47. RI, K. K. (2017). Farmakope Herbal Indonesia Edisi II. In Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.2430657.12
  48. Rinihapsari, E., Onesiforus, B. Y., & Nugroho, S. M. (2023). Pengaruh Pemanasan Berulang Media Nutrient Agar Terhadap Hasil Uji Sensitivitas. Antigen: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Dan Ilmu Gizi, 1(3), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.57213/antigen.v1i3.191
  49. Ritonga, N. S., Lubis, M. S., Yuniarti, R., & Rani, Z. (2025). Manufacture and Activities of Anti-Acne Nano Essence of Pineapple Tubers Extract Sheet Mask (Ananas comosus (L..) Merr). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences, 8(2), 782–798.
  50. Rizki, S. A., Latief, M., Fitriningsih, & Rahman, H. (2021). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak N-Heksan, Etil Asetat Dan Etanol Daun Durian (Durio zibethinus Linn.) Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Jurnal Mahasiswa Farmasi, 442–457.
  51. Rosyad, M. S., Rozaq, M. A., & Prastowo, A. I. (2024). Epistimologi Metode Eksperimen Dalam Penelitian Pendidikan Bahasa Arab. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab, 02(01), 29–53.
  52. Rowe, R. C., Sheskey, P. J., & Quinn, M. E. (2023). Handbook of Pharmaceutical excipients. Dosage Forms, Formulation Developments and Regulations: Recent and Future Trends in Pharmaceutics, Volume 1, 1, 311–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91817-6.00003-6
  53. Sambode, Y. C., Simbala, H. E. I., & Rumondor, E. M. (2022). Penentuan Skrining Fitokimia, Parameter Spesifik Dan Non Spesifik Ekstrak Umbi Bawang Hutan (Eleutherine americana Merr). Jurnal Pharmacon, 11, 1389–1394.
  54. Sangkoy, W. J., Simbala, H. E. I., & Rumondor, E. M. (2023). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun pinang yaki (Areca vestiaria) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pharmacon, 12(1), 133–139.
  55. Setyowati, E., Fadel, M. N., Husna, U. Y., & Febrianisa, S. (2024). Formulasi Dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Parijoto (Medinilla Speciosa Blume) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus Pada Sediaan Spray Antiseptik. IJF (Indonesia Jurnal Farmasi), 8(2), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.26751/ijf.v8i2.2266
  56. Sharma, A., Bachheti, A., Sharma, P., Bachheti, R. K., & Husen, A. (2020). Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, nanoparticle fabrication, commercial products and waste utilization of Carica papaya L.: A comprehensive review. Current Research in Biotechnology, 2, 145–160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbiot.2020.11.001
  57. Siddiqui, M. T., Olceroglu, B., Gumus, Z. P., Senisik, A. M., & Barlas, F. B. (2025). Enhancing Radiotherapy Tolerance With Papaya Seed‐Derived Nanoemulsions. Food Science & Nutrition, 13(4), e70145. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70145
  58. Singh, S. P., Kumar, S., Mathan, S. V., Tomar, M. S., Singh, R. K., Verma, P. K., Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Singh, R. P., & Acharya, A. (2020). Therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract in the management of human diseases. DARU, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(2), 735–744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-020-00348-7
  59. Süer, K., & Güvenir, M. (2019). Propionibacterium acnes (Cutibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: The latest updates of antimicrobial activity. Turkish Journal of Dermatology, 13(2), 57–59. https://doi.org/10.4103/TJD.TJD_5_19
  60. Sukadiasa, P. I. K., Wintariani, N. P., & Putra, I. G. N. A. W. W. (2023). Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol 96% Tanaman Gonda (Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento, 9(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v9i1.4644
  61. Sulasmi, E. S., Saptasari, M., Mawaddah, K., & Zulfia, F. A. (2019). Tannin Identification Of 4 Species of Pteridophyta from Baluran National Park. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1241(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1241/1/012002
  62. Thawabteh, A. M., Ghanem, A. W., Abumadi, S., Thaher, D., Jaghama, W., Karaman, R., Scrano, L., & Bufo, S. A. (2024). Antibacterial Activity and Antifungal Activity of Monomeric Alkaloids. Toxins, 16, 1–40.
  63. Tutik, T., Feladita, N., Junova, H., & Anatasia, I. (2021). Formulasi Sediaan Gel Moisturizer Anti-Aging Ekstrak Kulit Bawang Merah (Alliium cepa L.) Sebagai Antioksidan. Jurnal Farmasi Malahayati, 4(1), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.33024/jfm.v4i1.4420
  64. Utami, N. F., Deswi, D. R., & Arisanty. (2023). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Vibrio cholerae dan Salmonella thypi. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacy (JECP), 3(2), 132. https://doi.org/10.52365/jecp.v3i2.678
  65. Veronica, S. N. (2022). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya Linn) Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes Secara Difusi. Stikes Karya Putra Bangsa Tulungagung.
  66. Wandira, A., Cindiansya, Rosmayati, J., Anandari, R. F., Naurah, S. A., & Fikayuniar, L. (2023). Menganalisis Pengujian Kadar Air Dari Berbagai Simplisia Bahan Alam Menggunakan Metode Gravimetri. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 9(17), 190–193.
  67. Wardani, D., Asdinar, A., Fatimah, F., Arwie, D., & Safaruddin, S. (2023). Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Kaki Kuda (Centella Asiatica) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes. Jurnal Medisains Kesehatan, 4(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.59963/jmk.v4i2.214
  68. Widwiastuti, H., Asworo, R. Y., Tjahjaningsih, Y. S., Wulandari, N. C., & Dewi, A. (2022). Pengaruh Ukuran Simplisia Dan Lama Kontak Pada Ekstraksi Senyawa Aktif Simplisia Kayu Jawa (Lannea Coromandelica) Menggunakan Metode Maserasi. Jurnal Kimia Mulawarman, 19(2), 86. https://doi.org/10.30872/jkm.v19i2.1141
  69. Yan, Y., Xia, X., Fátima, A., Zhang, L., Yuan, G., Lian, F., & Wang, Y. (2024). Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Plant Flavonoids against Gram-Negative Bacteria Based on the Antibacterial Statistical Model. Pharmaceuticals, 17(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030292
  70. Yuslianti, E. R. (2018). Pengantar radikal bebas dan antioksidan. Deepublish.