Advances in Healthcare Research

Addressing the Stigma and Size of Antiretroviral (ARV) Tablets: A Call for Innovation

2025-03-14T12:43:32+07:00

Purpose: This study investigates how antiretroviral (ARV) tablet size affects medication adherence, particularly in individuals with dysphagia, pediatric populations, and the elderly. It highlights the role of tablet size in influencing adherence and its broader impact on virological control, drug resistance, and HIV-related morbidity.

Research Method: This research employed a constructivist paradigm, conducting a scoping literature review to explore existing studies. Systematic inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select relevant sources. Thematic analysis identified key patterns and refined central themes to ensure analytical consistency regarding ARV tablet size and associated adherence barriers.

Results and Discussion: The review reveals that smaller tablets, particularly in dolutegravir-based regimens, significantly enhance adherence by reducing the physical difficulty of swallowing. However, the visibility of medication continues to contribute to stigma, potentially undermining adherence. Emerging innovations, such as mini-tablets, nanotechnology, and long-acting injectables, show promise; however, their cost and limited availability hinder widespread adoption in low-resource settings.

Implications: The findings suggest a need for patient-centred ARV formulations that reduce stigma and improve access. Policymakers and pharmaceutical stakeholders are encouraged to develop smaller, affordable ARV options to support better adherence and long-term treatment success.

Essential Competencies of Public Health Professionals in Disaster Management: A Scoping Review

2025-05-03T07:11:04+07:00

Purpose: This scoping review aimed to systematically identify core competencies for public health professionals in disaster management.

Research Method: We analyzed 22 studies (2002-2024) from PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science using Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework. Included studies addressed competencies for disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.

Results and Discussion: The review identified seven critical competency domains: disaster preparedness and risk reduction, leadership and crisis management, communication and digital tool utilization, psychosocial support, community engagement with cultural competency, inter-agency coordination, and post-disaster recovery systems. Leadership and community-centered approaches were universally essential, while technological competencies, such as GIS and proficiency in social media, represented emerging needs. Significant gaps were noted in climate-related disaster frameworks and standardized global training protocols.

Implications: Findings underscore the urgent need to validate competencies in field settings, integrate climate science into training programs, and develop standardized frameworks for resource-limited regions. These directly inform public health curriculum development and policy initiatives aimed at enhancing workforce preparedness for evolving disaster scenarios, including climate-related emergencies and pandemics.

The Role of Oxytocin Massage in Reducing Stress and Anxiety in Postpartum Mothers

2025-03-29T13:35:52+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to explore the role of oxytocin massage in reducing stress and anxiety among postpartum mothers while enhancing breastfeeding success. This study investigates the efficacy of oxytocin massage as a non-pharmacological intervention to enhance maternal well-being and lactation outcomes.

Research Method: This study employed a systematic literature review (SLR) approach, analyzing peer-reviewed articles published after 2018 from reputable databases, including Elsevier, Emerald, Wiley, and Springer. Inclusion criteria focused on studies examining oxytocin massage and its impact on postpartum stress, anxiety, and breastfeeding success. Data were synthesized and analyzed thematically to identify patterns and gaps in the literature.

Results and Discussion: The findings revealed that oxytocin massage significantly reduces postpartum stress and anxiety by stimulating the release of oxytocin, which in turn decreases cortisol levels and promotes relaxation. The oxytocin massage also enhances the milk ejection reflex, thereby facilitating successful breastfeeding. Oxytocin massage emerged as an effective, non-invasive intervention for postpartum care.

Implications: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of incorporating oxytocin massage into standard postpartum care practices, both in clinical settings and at home. Health care providers should be trained to educate mothers about proper massage techniques to ensure optimal benefits.

Family Planning, Population Growth and Social Welfare: A Qualitative Study

2025-04-14T16:14:06+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the impact of family planning (FP) on population growth and social welfare, examining FP's multifaceted role as both a demographic intervention and a strategic tool for sustainable development.

Research Method: Adopting a qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this research synthesizes findings from diverse empirical studies published after 2018, focusing on FP's demographic, health, economic, and sociocultural outcomes. The review framework was structured to ensure analytical rigor and thematic coherence across selected studies.

Results and Discussion: The study finds that FP significantly reduces fertility rates, improves maternal and child health, strengthens household economic stability, and promotes women's empowerment. The effectiveness of family planning (FP) programs varies across regions and is primarily influenced by sociocultural contexts, institutional capacity, and the quality of service delivery. The Demographic Transition Theory supports the role of family planning (FP) in facilitating population stabilization. The discussion highlights the importance of culturally responsive communication strategies and integrated policy frameworks in improving family planning outcomes.

Implications: Practical implications include integrating family planning (FP) into education, gender equity, and public health agendas, while strengthening community engagement and equitable access to services.

Maternal Age and Risk of Pregnancy Complications: A Qualitative Study

2025-04-13T11:41:40+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to explore the relationship between advanced maternal age (≥35 years) and the risk of pregnancy complications through a qualitative perspective, emphasizing women's perceptions, experiences, and coping strategies.

Research Method: A systematic literature review methodology was employed to synthesize qualitative research findings related to advanced maternal age and pregnancy complications. Relevant studies were reviewed to identify recurring themes, contradictions, and contextual gaps.

Results and Discussion: The findings reveal that advanced maternal age is associated with heightened risks of complications such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, hypertension, preterm birth, and postpartum hemorrhage. Personal experiences, cultural beliefs, and access to healthcare influence perceptions of these risks. Women with higher perceived susceptibility are more likely to seek medical intervention, while those facing socio-economic barriers or cultural stigma exhibit lower health-seeking behaviors.

Implications: The study underscores the importance of developing culturally sensitive maternal health programs tailored to the needs of older pregnant women. Healthcare providers should adopt empathetic communication strategies and accessible education programs. Future research should address this study's limitations by employing mixed-methods approaches and considering broader social determinants of health.

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Liquid Shampoo Combining Patchouli Leaf Extract and Coconut Oil as an Antidandruff Shampoo

2025-05-21T14:21:36+07:00

Purpose: Dandruff is a scalp condition that affects approximately 50% of the global population and 26% of the population in Indonesia. This study aims to formulate and evaluate various formulations of liquid shampoo containing a combination of patchouli leaf extract (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and coconut oil as an alternative natural-based anti-dandruff shampoo.

Research Method: This study used a quantitative approach with an experimental design. The formulation consisted of a combination of patchouli leaf extract at concentrations of 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% and coconut oil at concentrations of 2%, 3%, and 4%. Quality evaluation was conducted through organoleptic testing, homogeneity testing, pH measurement, foam height measurement, viscosity measurement, and skin irritation testing on 15 respondents.

Results and Discussion: All formulas (F0, F1, F2, F3) meet the physical quality criteria for shampoo. Organoleptic testing indicates that the formula has a thick liquid consistency, is homogeneous, and ranges in color from clear to dark green, with a green tea aroma. The average pH is within the safe range (6.75–5.31). Foam height and viscosity are within normal limits, and no respondents reported any irritation complaints.

Implications: The formulation of liquid shampoo combining patchouli leaves and coconut oil can be a potential solution in the development of safe, natural-based anti-dandruff products. This study provides scientific contributions to the herbal cosmetics industry in Indonesia.

Formulation and Efficacy Test of Antistress Aromatherapy Candles Containing Peppermint Leaf Essential Oil (Mentha Piperita L) and Clove Leaf Essential Oil (Syzygium Aromaticum L) on Mice (Mus Musculus)

2025-05-28T04:08:23+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy candles containing peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) essential oils at concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7% on mice.

Research Method: This study employed a laboratory experimental method with a post-test-only control group design. The formula used in this study was a combination of peppermint and clove with concentrations FII (2%:1%), FIII (3%:2%), and FIV (4%:3%), as well as negative and positive controls (lavender). The evaluation was conducted on physical tests of the candles, including organoleptic tests, burn time tests, and melting point tests. The antistress effectiveness testing was divided into five groups, each consisting of 5 mice. The first treatment involved the Tail Suspension Test to induce stress in the mice. Subsequently, the mice were exposed to aromatherapy candles, and the Forced Swimming Test was conducted. The test results were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA test.

Results and Discussion: All aromatherapy candle formulas met the physical evaluation test requirements. Formulas FII and FIII demonstrated antistress efficacy with a significance value of less than 0.05.

Implications: These results indicate that the combination of peppermint leaf essential oil and clove leaf essential oil has potential as an active ingredient in anti-stress aromatherapy candles. Further research is needed to support its effectiveness on a broader scale.

Qualitative Study on Pregnant Women's Perceptions of Iron Tablet Administration in Anemia Prevention during the First to Third Trimesters

2025-06-17T03:26:07+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the effect of iron tablet supplementation on pregnant women from the first to the third trimester in preventing pregnancy-related anemia. The primary focus is on understanding the dynamics of consumption compliance, maternal perceptions, the effectiveness of health education, as well as environmental factors and accessibility that influence the success of the intervention.

Research Method: This study employed a qualitative approach, based on a systematic literature review of relevant publications from 2018 to 2025. The analysis was conducted thematically to identify consumption patterns, motivations, educational interventions, and their impact on the hemoglobin status of pregnant women.

Results and Discussion: The findings indicate a progressive trend in adherence to iron tablet consumption from the first to the third trimester, with the main barriers being complaints of nausea and gastrointestinal side effects. Positive perceptions of the benefits of iron tablets, along with appropriate social support and education, have been shown to improve adherence. Health education tailored to the stage of pregnancy is more effective in changing behavior. Consistent iron tablet consumption contributes to increased hemoglobin levels and reduces the risk of anemia, as well as pregnancy complications such as preterm birth and low birth weight.

Implications: This study provides original contributions to the development of trimester-based maternal health education strategies and the improvement of iron tablet availability in primary care. The implications include strengthening maternal and child health program policies and involving multiple stakeholders, including families and communities, in supporting the success of interventions.

Causes of Pathological Vaginal Discharge and Impacts on Adolescent Reproductive Health

2025-06-13T15:13:25+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to identify and analyze in depth various factors causing pathological vaginal discharge in adolescent girls and evaluate its implications for reproductive health. The primary focus is on the interaction between biological aspects, personal hygiene behavior, social and cultural constructs, and access to health information and services.

Research Method: This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing a systematic literature review of national and international scientific articles published between 2020 and 2025. The analysis is conducted thematically to group the causal factors and analyze their interrelationships based on reliable academic references.

Results and Discussion: Findings indicate that pathological vaginal discharge in adolescents is caused by a combination of hormonal changes, vaginal microflora imbalance, and poor hygiene practices, such as wearing tight pants and improper cleaning of the genital area. Cultural norms that taboo discussions about reproductive health further exacerbate delays in treatment. The lack of formal sexual education and access to youth-friendly health services are significant barriers to the prevention and management of vaginal discharge.

Implications: This study emphasizes the importance of a holistic, intersectoral, and sustainable educational approach. Single interventions are insufficient to address this issue. Recommendations are directed toward integrating reproductive education into school curricula and providing inclusive and accessible adolescent health services.

Relationship Intake Maternal Nutrition in 1000 Days of Life and Infant Nutritional Status at Age Two

2025-06-13T15:25:16+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to examine in depth the relationship between maternal nutrition intake during the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the nutritional status of children at two years of age. The primary focus of this study is to explore the association between adequate intake of essential nutrients such as protein, iron, zinc, folic acid, and vitamin A during pregnancy and child growth indicators, including weight-for-age (WFA), height-for-age (HFA), and weight-for-height (WFA).

Research Method: This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing a systematic literature review method. The review was conducted on various relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025, which addressed the biological, socioeconomic, and health intervention dimensions related to maternal nutrition and its impact on the nutritional status of two-year-old children. The analysis was conducted thematically by grouping the findings into six main discussion areas.

Results and Discussion: The results show a strong association between maternal nutritional adequacy and child growth at the age of two years. Factors such as nutritional imbalance during pregnancy, maternal education level, local dietary culture, and the quality of maternal and child health services play important roles. Systematic and contextually appropriate nutrition intervention programs are urgently needed to optimize child growth outcomes.

Implications: This study makes a significant contribution to the development of maternal and child health policies and can serve as a basis for planning community-based and cross-sectoral interventions aimed at preventing stunting.

Limited Access to Health Services and Pregnancy Risks

2025-06-13T20:58:54+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to examine the limitations of access to health services and their relationship to increased pregnancy risk in Indonesia, highlighting the interacting geographical, socioeconomic, cultural, and policy factors that shape maternal access disparities.

Research Method: This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method to analyze academic literature published between 2015 and 2025. The search was conducted comprehensively through searches in reputable international journals from publishers Elsevier, Emerald, Wiley, and Springer.

Results and Discussion: The study's results indicate that structural factors, including low socioeconomic status, geographical isolation, and a shortage of trained healthcare workers, primarily cause limited access to maternal health services. In addition, socio-cultural factors such as the dominance of non-medical personnel and gender norms also contribute to delays in accessing medical services. The mismatch between national policies and local needs exacerbates service gaps and increases the risk of pregnancy complications.

Implications: This study highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary and contextual approach in developing maternal health policies. Community-based strategies that take into account the socio-cultural context and strengthen primary services and health literacy are needed as long-term, sustainable interventions.

Relationship Between Pregnant Women's Anxiety Levels and Baby Blues Syndrome During the Postpartum Period

2025-06-13T21:51:21+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to explore the relationship between the level of anxiety in pregnant women and the incidence of baby blues syndrome during the postpartum period. The primary focus is to understand the psychological and physiological mechanisms underlying the transition from prenatal anxiety to postpartum emotional disorders.

Research Method: This study employs a qualitative approach, incorporating a systematic literature review of scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025. The analysis was conducted on secondary data from national and international journals, considering the psychosocial, hormonal, and neurobiological frameworks related to anxiety in pregnant women and baby blues.

Results and Discussion: Findings indicate that anxiety during pregnancy is significantly correlated with an increased risk of postpartum baby blues syndrome. Factors such as lack of social support, cultural pressure on the role of mothers, and hormonal fluctuations contribute to the occurrence of emotional disturbances after childbirth. This study also confirms that emotional unpreparedness during pregnancy is an important indicator of mental stability in mothers during the postpartum period.

Implications: The results of this study suggest the need for anxiety screening in antenatal services, training for healthcare workers in the early detection of emotional disorders, and strengthening psychosocial interventions as preventive measures. These findings also encourage the development of more holistic maternal mental health policies.

Formulation and Efficacy Test of Antistress Aromatherapy Candle with Jasmine Essential Oil (Jasminum sambac L) on Mice (Mus musculus)

2025-05-27T14:54:48+07:00

Purpose: Aromatherapy is a non-pharmacological healing method that uses essential oils as therapeutic agents. Jasmine flowers (Jasminum sambac L.) contain active compounds such as linalool, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, cis-jasmone, nerolidol, and indole that have potential applications in stress management. This study aims to investigate the antistress efficacy of aromatherapy candles made from jasmine essential oil on mice (Mus musculus).

Research Method: This study employed a laboratory experiment with a post-test-only control group design. A total of 25 male mice were divided into five groups, each consisting of five mice. The treatment groups were exposed to aromatherapy candles with essential oil concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6%, while the control groups included a negative control and a positive control. Stress induction was performed using the Tail Suspension Test (TST), and effectiveness was assessed through immobility time parameters. Data analysis was conducted using a One-Way ANOVA test.

Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the wax formula with a concentration of 6% has the best physical characteristics and provides the fastest relaxation effect. The ANOVA test reveals a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05), indicating a significant effect of aromatherapy wax on stress reduction in mice.

Implications: This study reinforces the potential of jasmine essential oil-based aromatherapy candles as an alternative therapy for stress management, while also supporting the development of safe and effective, naturally based health products.

Testing the Effectiveness of Basil Leaf Essential Oil (Ocimum basilicum L) against Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes in Aromatherapy Candles

2025-06-14T07:27:42+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to formulate basil leaf essential oil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as an active ingredient against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the form of aromatherapy wax that can be applied by inhalation.

Research Method: This study is a laboratory experimental study. Essential oil from basil leaves was obtained through steam distillation, while the wax preparation was made using the melting method. The aromatherapy wax formulation consisted of five groups, namely positive control, negative control, formulation I (2%), formulation II (4%), and formulation III (6%). Each formulation was tested through a series of physical property tests, including organoleptic tests (color, odor, and shape), burning time test, melting point test, and effectiveness test as an insect repellent against Aedes aegypti. Data analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA statistical test and followed by a Tukey Post Hoc test.

Results and Discussion: The results showed that aromatherapy candles containing basil essential oil had varying effectiveness against mosquito mortality. Formulations with higher concentrations (4% and 6%) provided the best results in physical testing and biological effectiveness compared to other formulations and controls.

Implications: This study supports the development of natural-based aromatherapy candles as a safe, effective, and environmentally friendly alternative insecticide for controlling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in domestic environments.

Risk Factor Analysis of Leptospirosis Incidence in Endemic Areas

2025-06-18T07:42:24+07:00

Purpose: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by rats, which serve as the primary vector, and is caused by the bacterium Leptospira. This disease is a serious concern in tropical regions, including Indonesia, due to its high incidence and mortality rates. This study aims to analyze various risk factors that influence the incidence of leptospirosis in endemic areas, based on the latest scientific literature.

Research Method: This study employed a systematic literature review method, searching articles published between 2020 and 2024 on the Google Scholar and PubMed platforms. From the 268 articles identified using the keywords “Leptospirosis, Rats, Risk Factors,” a selection was made based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 10 relevant articles. Five of these articles were selected for further analysis.

Results and Discussion: The results of the study indicate that several significant risk factors for leptospirosis include: the presence of Leptospira bacteria in the environment, distance of homes from waterways, standing water, garbage conditions, presence of rats, pet ownership, risky activities, use of personal protective equipment, and history of flooding.

Implications: This study contributes to the formulation of risk-based prevention policies and supports more targeted public health interventions in areas endemic to leptospirosis.

Risk Factors Associated with Diarrhea in Infants

2025-06-18T07:45:46+07:00

Purpose: Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of death among infants in Indonesia and is a significant public health issue. This study aims to identify and analyze various risk factors associated with diarrhea in infants through a literature review approach.

Research Method: This study employed a literature review method with a content analysis approach, utilizing articles obtained from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. The keywords used are “Infants,” “Diarrhea,” and “Risk Factors.” Article selection was conducted systematically using the PRISMA framework, from identification through screening to eligibility assessment. Out of 208 articles obtained, 10 articles were selected that met the criteria for further analysis.

Results and Discussion: The study's results indicate that factors closely associated with the incidence of diarrhea in infants include not being exclusively breastfed, poor personal hygiene among mothers, inadequate basic sanitation facilities at home, low maternal education, maternal employment status, and limited socioeconomic conditions within the family. These factors interact with each other and increase the risk of diarrhea in young children.

Implications: These findings are significant for preventive efforts in public health, particularly in raising awareness and knowledge among parents about maintaining optimal hygiene, sanitation, and nutrition for their children.

The Relationship Between Eating Junk Food and a Sedentary Lifestyle with Obesity in Elementary School Children

2025-07-01T16:24:41+07:00

Purpose: Obesity is a long-term condition caused by the accumulation of fat in the body due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. This study aims to investigate the relationship between junk food consumption and a sedentary lifestyle, as well as the incidence of obesity, among elementary school children, particularly at SD 1 Megawon, Kudus Regency. This study also aims to understand the types of fast food consumed and the duration of sedentary behavior in children.

Research Method: The research design employed was quantitative, utilizing a correlational analytical approach and a case-control design. The study was conducted at SD 1 Megawon in March 2025. The sample consisted of 60 respondents, namely 30 children with obesity and 30 children without obesity, selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess junk food consumption habits and the Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ) to measure sedentary activity. Data analysis was performed using bivariate analysis with the chi-square test.

Results and Discussion: The results indicate a significant relationship between the frequency of junk food consumption and sedentary activity levels, as well as obesity, in elementary school children. The p-values for both variables indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).

Implications: These findings provide a crucial foundation for schools and parents to implement healthy eating patterns and encourage physical activity, thereby preventing childhood obesity from an early age.

The Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Foot Oxygen Saturation with Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

2025-07-01T16:31:18+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and foot oxygen saturation with the incidence of peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus, considering that this complication is common and can be influenced by various risk factors.

Research Method: This quantitative study used a cross-sectional design at the Gribig Kudus Community Health Center. A sample of 82 respondents was selected from 103 patients with diabetes mellitus using the Slovin formula and a purposive sampling technique, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The instruments included the Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Test for diagnosing peripheral neuropathy, a scale and stature meter for measuring BMI, and a pulse oximeter for measuring oxygen saturation in the feet. Univariate analysis was conducted to describe the characteristics, and bivariate analysis was performed using the Spearman rank correlation test.

Results and Discussion: The results of the study indicate a relationship between BMI and foot oxygen saturation with the incidence of peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. A high BMI and decreased oxygen saturation in the feet contribute to an increased risk of peripheral neuropathy through mechanisms involving circulatory disorders and microvascular damage.

Implications: These findings can serve as a basis for healthcare professionals to implement preventive interventions and early management of peripheral neuropathy complications through weight control, monitoring of extremity oxygen saturation, and education for patients with diabetes mellitus.

Formulation Research and Antibacterial Activity Test of Face Mist Preparation from Ethanol Extract of Papaya Leaves (Carica Papaya L.) Against Propionibacterium Acnes

2025-07-02T04:32:22+07:00

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to formulate a face mist preparation containing ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%, and to evaluate its antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes, a primary acne-causing bacterium.

Research Method: This study employed a laboratory-based experimental design with a post-test-only control group. Data were collected through experimental observations. The face mist was formulated with three extract concentrations (F1: 10%, F2: 15%, and F3: 20%), with a face mist base as the negative control and clindamycin as the positive control. The preparations underwent organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, and spreadability tests. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method, and the data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA with a significance level of p < 0.005.

Results and Discussion: The formulations met the physical property standards, showing a brownish-green color, liquid consistency, and a characteristic papaya leaf aroma. All samples were homogeneous, with pH values ranging from 5.08 to 5.16, and spreadability between 5.33 and 5.75 cm. The highest antibacterial activity was observed in F3 (20%) with an average inhibition zone of 16.3 mm.

Implications: The findings suggest that papaya leaf ethanol extract is a promising natural ingredient for face mist formulations with antibacterial properties, offering potential as an alternative acne treatment product.

The Relationship Between Service Quality and Costs to Patient Loyalty

2025-07-03T16:05:14+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between service quality and service costs on patient loyalty at the Ibnu Sina Jepara Primary Clinic. The specific objectives include evaluating the levels of service quality, cost perception, and patient loyalty, as well as analyzing the strength of their relationships.

Research Method: A quantitative approach was employed using an analytical survey with a cross-sectional design. The total sample comprised 78 respondents, selected using the Slovin formula from a population of 350 outpatient general service patients. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire measuring service quality, service cost, and patient loyalty. The validity and reliability of the instruments were ensured by referring to previously tested instruments. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted, with Spearman's correlation used to assess relationships between variables.

Results and Discussion: The results indicate that both service quality and service cost have significant relationships with patient loyalty. High perceptions of service quality and higher cost acceptance were associated with stronger patient loyalty. The study confirms the theoretical assumptions that perceived value—reflected in quality and price—plays a crucial role in determining loyalty in healthcare services.

Implications: Findings suggest that clinics must enhance service quality while maintaining transparent and value-based pricing to foster greater patient loyalty. These results can inform clinic management strategies focused on quality improvement and cost efficiency.

Formulation and Antioxidant Activity Test of Micellar Water Extracted from Mangosteen Fruit Peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) Using the DPPH Method with Variations in the Concentration of PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate as a Surfactant

2025-07-21T08:18:29+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate at concentrations of F1 0.2%, F2 0.4%, and F3 0.6% on the physical stability and cleaning power of micellar water preparations containing mangosteen peel extract. The best formulation was then tested for its antioxidant activity using the DPPH method.

Research Method: This study used a laboratory experimental method. The variations in PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate concentration used in the micellar water extract of mangosteen peel were F1 (0.2%), F2 (0.4%), F3 (0.6%), and negative control F0 (0%). Evaluations were conducted on physical stability tests (organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, and viscosity) and cleaning power. The best micellar water formulation was then tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The test results were analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA test.

Results and Discussion: The results of testing F3 micellar water, with the highest concentration of PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate, demonstrated that it was the best formula and exhibited the best cleaning ability. The results of the analysis using one-way ANOVA showed a p-value of < 0.05. The antioxidant activity of F3 was determined to have an IC50 of 103.81 μg/ml, which falls within the moderate category.

Implications: The results of this study indicate that PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate at a concentration of 0.6% can be used as a surfactant in micellar water preparations of mangosteen peel extract. Further research is needed to determine the long-term stability of the preparation.

The Effect of Bengkung Use on Abdominal Circumference Reduction in Postpartum Women

2025-07-15T14:08:17+07:00

Purpose: The postpartum period is a critical recovery period for mothers after childbirth and is prone to complications that contribute to high maternal mortality rates (MMR) in Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate the effect of bengkung use on reducing abdominal circumference in postpartum mothers as a non-pharmacological measure to support physical recovery after childbirth.

Research Method: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group approach. The research subjects consisted of two groups: the experimental group, which used bengkung regularly, and the control group, which underwent early mobilization without the use of bengkung. Data collection was conducted by measuring the waist circumference both before and after the intervention.

Results and Discussion: The study's results indicate that regular use of bengkung has a significant impact on reducing abdominal circumference in postpartum women. The effectiveness of bengkung in accelerating the process of uterine involution and abdominal muscle recovery is reinforced by the involvement of education and the comfort experienced by the mothers during use.

Implications: These findings have a practical impact on midwifery services, particularly in integrating traditional practices that have been proven effective into standard postpartum care. Bengkung could be a safe, affordable, and locally based alternative intervention.

Behavioral Transformation of Pregnant Women in Utilizing First Pregnancy Checkups (K1)

2025-07-18T01:18:58+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to understand the process of behavioral transformation among pregnant women in utilizing first pregnancy check-up services (K1) in Kadolomoko Village, Baubau City, from traditional practices to medical services, considering the social, cultural, economic, and technological factors that influence it.

Research Method: This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing data collection techniques that included in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation. Informants were selected purposively and consisted of pregnant women, posyandu cadres, puskesmas midwives, and community leaders. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach to identify patterns of behavioral change and the factors that drove them.

Results and Discussion: The study's results indicate that behavioral transformation among pregnant women occurs gradually and is influenced by health education interventions, community health worker support, the use of digital technology, and the 1,000 Days of Life (HPK) program. Although most women began to utilize medical services at health facilities, traditional practices continued to be carried out as a complement due to strong cultural values.

Implications: These findings emphasize the importance of an integrative approach that respects local cultural values to support sustainable health behavior change. The practical implication is that maternal health interventions need to be designed in an adaptive, participatory, and community-based manner to achieve long-term success.

The Relationship Between Family Support and Depression Levels in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2025-07-03T16:31:41+07:00

Purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) not only affects physical health but also impacts patients' psychological well-being, particularly in the form of depressive disorders. Family support is believed to play a crucial role in helping reduce these depressive levels. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the level of family support and the severity of depression in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Research Method: This study employed a quantitative approach with a descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional design. A total of 30 pulmonary TB patients at Respira Lung Hospital participated in the survey through a total sampling approach. Data were collected using a family support questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), then analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05.

Results and Discussion: The results indicate that patients with good family support were less likely to experience moderate or severe depression. Conversely, all patients with low-income family support experienced depression at various levels. The Chi-Square test showed a significant relationship between family support and depression levels (ρ = 0.000).

Implications: This study confirms that family support plays a crucial role in maintaining the mental health of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Family involvement should be integrated into nursing interventions to enhance treatment outcomes and improve the psychological well-being of patients.

Formulation and Physical Quality Testing of Cleansing Balm from Centella Asiatica (L.) URB. Extract with Castor Oil (Ricinus Communis L.) as a Makeup Remover

2025-07-25T15:04:04+07:00

Purpose: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical quality of cleansing balm containing 3% Centella asiatica (L.). Urb. Extract with castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) at varying concentrations (30%, 35%, and 40%) to determine the optimal formulation as an effective and safe makeup remover.

Research Method: An experimental laboratory design was conducted at the Cendekia Utama Kudus Institute of Health Technology. The Centella asiatica extract was obtained from UPT Lab Herbal Materia Medica Batu, East Java. Physical quality tests included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, melting point, cleansing ability, and skin irritation tests. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, including tests for normality, homogeneity, One-Way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey tests. Six female volunteers aged 18–30 participated in the irritation test.

Results and Discussion: All formulations met physical quality standards. Formula 1 (3% Centella asiatica + 30% castor oil) demonstrated optimal results, exhibiting the best cleansing ability, easy rinsing, an ideal pH (5.61), good spreadability (4.91 cm), the highest adhesion (13.43 s), and no irritation in any of the volunteers and increasing the castor oil content above 35% reduced cleansing effectiveness, despite improving spreadability. No formulation caused erythema or edema during the 72-hour observation.

Implications: The findings support the potential use of Centella asiatica and castor oil in natural, safe, and effective cleansing balm formulations. Future research should assess long-term stability, consumer acceptance, and potential scalability for commercial production.

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of a Combination of Pegagan Leaf Extract (Centella Asiatica L. Urb) and Patchouli Oil (Patchouli Oil) in Liquid Body Wash Preparation

2025-07-02T06:20:45+07:00

Purpose: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical quality of liquid body wash containing Centella asiatica (L.). Urb. Extract and patchouli oil to determine the optimal concentration for safe and effective use, with the hypothesis that varying concentrations would affect pH, viscosity, foam stability, and overall product quality.

Research Method: An experimental post-test control design was conducted at the Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory of Cendekia Utama Kudus Health Technology Institute, with irritation tests performed at Universitas Muhammadiyah Kudus. Four formulations (F0–F3) contained pegagan extract (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) and patchouli oil (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%). Physical evaluations included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, foam height, and irritation tests. Data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk, Levene’s test, and One-Way ANOVA.

Results and Discussion: All formulations met SNI standards for liquid soap. Formula 1 (5% extract, 1% patchouli oil) exhibited the most balanced properties, with a neutral pH (6.06), suitable viscosity (695 mPas), stable foam height (13.50 mm), and no irritation. Higher extract concentrations reduced viscosity but did not significantly affect foam height. No formula caused redness or itching in volunteers.

Implications: Formula 1 is recommended for further development as a natural, skin-safe liquid body wash. Future studies should assess the long-term stability, consumer acceptance, and commercial feasibility of these products.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing of Face Mist Made from Red Betel Leaf (Piper Crocatum Ruiz and Pav.) Ethanol Extract Against Propionibacterium Acnes

2025-07-11T15:24:37+07:00

Purpose: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the antibacterial activity of face mist containing ethanol extract of red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) against Propionibacterium acnes, with the hypothesis that higher extract concentrations enhance antibacterial efficacy.

Research Method: A quantitative experimental design was conducted using three formulations with extract concentrations of 15%, 25%, and 35%, alongside positive (clindamycin 300 mg) and negative (base face mist) controls. Samples were obtained from Kayen Village, Pati Regency, Indonesia. Physical evaluations included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and spreadability tests, while antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Data were analyzed with Shapiro–Wilk, Levene’s, One-Way ANOVA, and LSD Post Hoc tests.

Results and Discussion: All formulations met physical quality standards. Antibacterial testing showed inhibition zones of 7.57 mm (moderate) for 15%, 10.67 mm (strong) for 25%, and 13.47 mm (strong) for 35%, with higher concentrations producing greater inhibition. Positive control exhibited a 37.60 mm (very strong) inhibition zone, while the negative control showed no activity.

Implications: Red betel leaf extract demonstrates potential as a natural antibacterial ingredient in acne treatment formulations. The 35% concentration was optimal but still less effective than clindamycin. Future research should focus on optimizing formulation stability, enhancing sensory appeal, and exploring synergistic combinations to improve efficacy.

Profile of The Assessment of Pediatric Puyer Prescriptions at The Malili Public Health Center

2025-07-11T06:27:09+07:00

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the assessment profile of pediatric compounded powder prescriptions at the Malili Community Health Center for the period October–December 2023, focusing on the completeness of administrative, pharmaceutical, and clinical aspects based on the Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation No. 74/2016. The research also aimed to identify potential incompatibilities, ensure accurate dosage, and assess potential drug interactions.

Research Method: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional design with retrospective data collection was employed. A total of 237 pediatric compounded powder prescriptions, selected using Slovin’s formula from 1,215 prescriptions, met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed descriptively to evaluate compliance percentages across administrative, pharmaceutical, and clinical parameters.

Results and Discussion: Administrative completeness reached 100% for patient name, age, doctor’s name, initials, date, and unit of origin; however, patient weight was 83.96%, while height and gender were absent, and the doctor’s SIP number was 38.39%. In pharmaceutical aspects, drug name, form, dosage, quantity, and usage instructions met 100% compliance, while strength of preparation was 26.16%. No drug incompatibilities were found. Clinically, treatment duplication and timeliness reached 100%, but dosage errors (underdose, overdose) and drug interactions (74.26%) were identified.

Implications: The findings underscore the need to enhance prescription completeness, particularly in terms of drug strength, SIP number, and patient anthropometric data, to align with national pharmaceutical service standards and improve patient safety. Further training for prescribers and pharmacists is recommended.

The Effect of Green Bean Extract on the Nutritional Status of Toddlers

2025-07-22T02:44:29+07:00

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of green bean (Vigna radiata) juice administration on the nutritional status of malnourished toddlers in Mejobo Village, Kudus District. The hypothesis proposed that daily supplementation of green bean juice would significantly improve nutritional status as measured by Z-scores.

Research Method: A pre-experimental design with a total sampling technique was applied to 32 toddlers aged 2–4 years with malnutrition (Z-score: -3 SD to < -2 SD). Respondents were divided into two groups: experimental and control. The intervention consisted of administering 250 ml of green bean juice daily for seven consecutive days. Data were collected through anthropometric measurements before and after the intervention and analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, paired sample t-test, and independent sample t-test.

Results and Discussion: The mean Z-score improved from -2.431 pre-intervention to -1.77 post-intervention in the experimental group (p = 0.000), while no improvement occurred in the control group. Independent t-test results showed a significant post-test difference between groups (p = 0.000), confirming the positive effect of green bean juice on nutritional status.

Implications: Green bean juice, as a locally sourced supplementary food, is effective for short-term nutritional improvement in malnourished toddlers and can be integrated into community-based nutrition programs. Further studies with longer durations and larger sample sizes are recommended.

The Effect of Ginger Extract on Reducing Dysmenorrhea Pain in Adolescents

2025-07-23T07:49:44+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of ginger extract consumption on reducing dysmenorrhea pain in adolescent girls. The research is based on the hypothesis that ginger extract, due to its anti-inflammatory properties, significantly decreases menstrual pain intensity and provides a safe non-pharmacological treatment alternative.

Research Method: The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The population consisted of 406 female students at SMP Negeri 2 Gebog, with a sample of 70 respondents selected using the Slovin formula. Data were collected through pain scale assessments before and after administration of ginger extract. Analysis was conducted using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, as the data exhibited a non-normal distribution.

Results and Discussion: Findings revealed a significant reduction in dysmenorrhea pain levels after consuming ginger extract, with a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05). Before the intervention, most respondents reported moderate to severe pain, whereas after the intervention, the majority experienced mild pain or no pain. This confirms the hypothesis and aligns with previous studies highlighting the effectiveness of ginger extract in reducing menstrual pain.

Implications: The results suggest that ginger extract can be promoted as a low-cost, accessible, and safe alternative to manage dysmenorrhea among adolescents. Future research should consider larger samples, control groups, and long-term effects to strengthen generalizability.

Relationship Between Geriatric Patient Characteristics and Adherence to Outpatient Antihypertensive Therapy in Hospitals

2025-07-23T16:01:25+07:00

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between geriatric patient characteristics and adherence to antihypertensive therapy in the outpatient department of Sarkies ‘Aisyiyah Kudus Hospital, with the hypothesis that sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, education, occupation, socioeconomic status, duration of illness, and knowledge influence treatment adherence.

Research Method: A quantitative analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted from May to June 2025. The sample consisted of 60 geriatric hypertensive patients selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the validated MARS-5 questionnaire and a knowledge-level questionnaire. Data analysis included validity and reliability tests, as well as univariate and bivariate analyses using the Chi-Square test with SPSS 27.

Results and Discussion: The majority of respondents (96.7%) demonstrated high adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Bivariate analysis revealed significant associations between education level (p = 0.039), occupation (p < 0.001), and knowledge level (p = 0.012) with adherence. In contrast, no significant relationships were found with gender, age, duration of hypertension, or socioeconomic status. These results suggest that knowledge, education, and daily activities significantly influence adherence behavior, whereas demographic characteristics alone do not.

Implications: The findings underscore the importance of health education, family support, and pharmacist counseling in promoting adherence among geriatric patients, particularly those with limited knowledge or educational backgrounds. Future studies should involve larger populations, employ longitudinal designs, and investigate the role of family support and healthcare communication in enhancing long-term adherence.

The Relationship Between Self-Therapy Education for Pregnant Women in Their Third Trimester and Anxiety About Childbirth

2025-08-09T11:03:03+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to identify the relationship between the Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) education and anxiety levels in pregnant women in their third trimester. The primary focus is on the effectiveness of SEFT intervention as a non-pharmacological approach in helping to manage anxiety, as well as providing a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of the respondents and changes in anxiety levels before and after the intervention.

Research Method: This study used a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design with a sample size of 30 pregnant women in their third trimester. The intervention took the form of structured SEFT education with materials, demonstrations, and guided independent practice by health workers. Data collection included measuring anxiety levels before and after the intervention using standard instruments, which were then analyzed to observe any changes that occurred.

Results and Discussion: The results showed a significant decrease in anxiety after SEFT education. Before the intervention, the majority of respondents experienced mild anxiety, while after the intervention, the majority did not experience anxiety. Respondents in the “Good” SEFT education category were mainly in the “No Anxiety” category, supporting the view that targeted education can improve the mental preparedness of pregnant women before childbirth.

Implications: This study emphasizes the importance of integrating SEFT education into antenatal care programs as a promotive and preventive strategy. Practically, SEFT can be an easily implemented intervention in primary healthcare facilities at a low cost, yet with a high impact. Recommendations for further research include the use of a control group design, a larger sample size, and a longer observation period to strengthen the validity of the findings.