Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study explores the critical role of financial statement audits in increasing transparency and trust in organizations. This research examines the audit process and its effectiveness and how audits can reduce information asymmetry, increase stakeholder trust, and ensure financial reporting integrity.
Research Design and Methodology: This research utilizes an interdisciplinary literature review combining insights from finance, economics, psychology, and computer science. This approach helps in more thoroughly understanding the audit process and outcomes. The literature review identified key audit challenges, such as the complexity of financial transactions, regulatory changes, and technological advancements.
Findings and Discussion: The results show that an effective financial statement audit can significantly reduce information asymmetry between management and external stakeholders, increase investor confidence, and strengthen market credibility. Auditors' main challenges include the complexity of financial transactions and the evolution of regulations. However, by capitalizing on technological innovations and regulatory changes, auditors can improve audit quality.
Implications: The findings of this study have implications for audit policy and practice. Improving audit relevance and quality requires interdisciplinary collaboration and continuous innovation in audit methods. This study recommends that future research focus on refining audit techniques to address emerging risks and encourage higher standards of transparency in financial reporting.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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- Chen, Y., Jiang, Z., & Li, Y. (2021). Audit quality, information disclosure, and corporate investment efficiency. The British Accounting Review, 53(3), 100819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2021.100819
- Choudhary, P., Krishnan, G., & Krishnan, J. (2020). How does artificial intelligence affect audit quality? The role of audit analytic capability. Journal of Accounting Research, 58(5), 1117–1156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12351
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- DeAngelo, L. E. (1981). Auditor independence, “low balling,” and disclosure regulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 3(2), 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(81)90002-1
- DeFond, M. L., Hung, M., Li, S., & Li, Y. (2020). The impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on accounting quality: Evidence from restatements. The Accounting Review, 95(4), 187–210. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-52514
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- IFAC. (2020). Audit and Assurance: A vision for the future. https://www.ifac.org/knowledge-gateway/audit-assurance/publications/audit-and-assurance-vision-future
- IFAC. (2020). Harnessing technology to enhance audit quality: A thought leadership initiative. International Federation of Accountants. https://www.ifac.org/knowledge-gateway/thought-leadership/harnessing-technology-enhance-audit-quality
- King, R. (2023). Audit quality and accountability: A risk-based audit approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(1), 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2686-8
- Krishnan, G. V., & Krishnan, J. (2019). Auditor professional skepticism: A synthesis and opportunities for future research. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 38(2), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-52440
- Krishnan, G. V., & Krishnan, J. (2019). Auditors' professional skepticism: Antecedents, consequences, and moderating influences. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 38(1), 149–166. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-52147
- Lennox, C. (1999). Are large auditors more accurate than small auditors? Accounting and Business Research, 29(3), 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.1999.9729400
- Lennox, C. (1999). Are large auditors more accurate than small auditors? Accounting and Business Research, 30(3), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.1999.9729533
- Lennox, C. (2021). Audit quality and corporate governance: A synthesis of international research. Journal of Accounting Literature, 46, 100571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acclit.2021.100571
- McCallig, J. (2019). Enhancing financial reporting information through multiparty security, network analysis, and blockchain technology. Journal of Information Systems, 33(3), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.2308/isys-51562
- Palmrose, Z. (1986). Audit fees and auditor size: Further evidence. Journal of Accounting Research, 24(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.2307/2490803
- Palmrose, Z. (1986). Audit qualification and auditor independence. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 8(3), 217-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(86)90024-0
- PCAOB. (2019). Staff guidance on implementing new requirements for critical audit matters. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Documents/Implementation-Guidance-CAM.pdf
- PCAOB. (2019). The Importance of High-Quality Financial Reporting to Investors, Markets, and the Economy. https://pcaobus.org/News/Speech/Pages/Nelson-San-Francisco-SEC-Speaking-Event-09-06-19.aspx
- PCAOB. (2021). Proposed Auditing Standards. https://pcaobus.org/Rulemaking/Docket034/2021-002
- Rezaee, Z. (2004). Rebuilding public trust in financial reporting and audit functions: Critical issues and implications. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 23(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2004.23.1.1
- Rezaee, Z. (2004). Reducing financial statement fraud through internal controls and audit education. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(4), 518-537. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686900410533294
- SEC. (2003). Final Rule: Strengthening the Commission's Requirements Regarding Auditor Independence. https://www.sec.gov/rules/final/33-8183.htm
- SEC. (2003). Final rule: Strengthening the Commission's requirements regarding auditor independence. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/rules/final/33-8183.htm
- SEC. (2010). The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. https://www.sec.gov/spotlight/dodd-frank.shtml
- Simunic, D. A. (1980). The pricing of audit services: Theory and evidence. Journal of Accounting Research, 18(1), 161–190. https://doi.org/10.2307/2490390
- Wang, P., & Campbell, T. (2022). The impact of audit transparency on investor trust and market efficiency. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12603
- Wang, Z., & Campbell, D. (2022). Does auditor industry specialization improve audit quality? New evidence from the European Union. Contemporary Accounting Research, 39(1), 251–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12704
References
Agrawal, A., Micallef, R., & Rau, P. R. (2020). Blockchain: A primer, review, and research agenda. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 35(3), 431–474. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X19898608
AICPA. (2018). Data security issues and the use of cloud computing. Journal of Accountancy. https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/2018/aug/data-security-cloud-computing.html
AICPA. (2020). Cybersecurity Resource Center. https://www.aicpa.org/interestareas/frc/assuranceadvisoryservices/cybersecurityresourcecenter.html
Alles, M., Kogan, A., & Vasarhelyi, M. A. (2021). Continuous auditing: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Information Systems, 35(2), 51-72. https://doi.org/10.2308/isys-52566
Alles, M., Kogan, A., & Vasarhelyi, M. A. (2021). Continuous auditing: A new era of digital assurance. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, 18(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2308/jeta-19-002
Bedard, J., Coram, P., Espahbodi, R., & Mock, T. J. (2019). Audit committee oversight of auditor activities. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 38(1), 75-99. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-52091
Carcello, J. V., Hermanson, D. R., & Raghunandan, K. (2020). The audit committee oversight process. Accounting Horizons, 34(1), 71–96. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-52312
Chen, C., Krishnan, J., & Pevzner, M. (2021). Artificial intelligence in auditing: Opportunities, challenges, and the future. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 40(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-52654
Chen, Y. (2014). The impact of audit transparency on audit quality and investment efficiency. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 57(2-3), 241-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2014.01.002
Chen, Y., Jiang, Z., & Li, Y. (2021). Audit quality, information disclosure, and corporate investment efficiency. The British Accounting Review, 53(3), 100819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2021.100819
Choudhary, P., Krishnan, G., & Krishnan, J. (2020). How does artificial intelligence affect audit quality? The role of audit analytic capability. Journal of Accounting Research, 58(5), 1117–1156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12351
Craswell, A. T., & Taylor, S. L. (1995). Auditor reputation and the pricing of initial public offerings. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 20(3), 297–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(95)00409-0
DeAngelo, L. E. (1981). Auditor independence, “low balling,” and disclosure regulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 3(2), 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(81)90002-1
DeFond, M. L., Hung, M., Li, S., & Li, Y. (2020). The impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on accounting quality: Evidence from restatements. The Accounting Review, 95(4), 187–210. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-52514
EU. (2014). Regulation (EU) No 537/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014R0537
EU. (2014). Regulation (EU) No 537/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on specific requirements regarding statutory audit of public-interest entities and repealing Commission Decision 2005/909/EC. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014R0537
EU. (2016). Directive 2014/56/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014L0056
FASB. (2021). Proposed Accounting Standards Update—Leases (Topic 842): Narrow-ScopeImprovements for Lessors. https://www.fasb.org/cs/ContentServer?c=Document_C&cid=1176171230545&d=&pagename=FASB%2FDocument_C%2FDocumentPage
Francis, J. R., Maydew, E. L., & Sparks, H. C. (1999). The role of Big 6 auditors in the credible reporting of accruals. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 18(2), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.1999.18.2.17
Gul, F. A., & Tsui, J. S. L. (1993). A test of the free cash flow and debt monitoring hypotheses: Evidence from audit pricing. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 16(1-3), 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(93)90013-X
IAASB. (2021). International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) and International Standard on Quality Control (ISQC) 1—Revised Effective for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2022. https://www.iaasb.org/publications/isas-and-isqc-1-revised-effective-periods-beginning-or-after-december-15-2022
IFAC. (2020). Audit and Assurance: A vision for the future. https://www.ifac.org/knowledge-gateway/audit-assurance/publications/audit-and-assurance-vision-future
IFAC. (2020). Harnessing technology to enhance audit quality: A thought leadership initiative. International Federation of Accountants. https://www.ifac.org/knowledge-gateway/thought-leadership/harnessing-technology-enhance-audit-quality
King, R. (2023). Audit quality and accountability: A risk-based audit approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(1), 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2686-8
Krishnan, G. V., & Krishnan, J. (2019). Auditor professional skepticism: A synthesis and opportunities for future research. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 38(2), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-52440
Krishnan, G. V., & Krishnan, J. (2019). Auditors' professional skepticism: Antecedents, consequences, and moderating influences. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 38(1), 149–166. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-52147
Lennox, C. (1999). Are large auditors more accurate than small auditors? Accounting and Business Research, 29(3), 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.1999.9729400
Lennox, C. (1999). Are large auditors more accurate than small auditors? Accounting and Business Research, 30(3), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.1999.9729533
Lennox, C. (2021). Audit quality and corporate governance: A synthesis of international research. Journal of Accounting Literature, 46, 100571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acclit.2021.100571
McCallig, J. (2019). Enhancing financial reporting information through multiparty security, network analysis, and blockchain technology. Journal of Information Systems, 33(3), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.2308/isys-51562
Palmrose, Z. (1986). Audit fees and auditor size: Further evidence. Journal of Accounting Research, 24(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.2307/2490803
Palmrose, Z. (1986). Audit qualification and auditor independence. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 8(3), 217-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(86)90024-0
PCAOB. (2019). Staff guidance on implementing new requirements for critical audit matters. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Documents/Implementation-Guidance-CAM.pdf
PCAOB. (2019). The Importance of High-Quality Financial Reporting to Investors, Markets, and the Economy. https://pcaobus.org/News/Speech/Pages/Nelson-San-Francisco-SEC-Speaking-Event-09-06-19.aspx
PCAOB. (2021). Proposed Auditing Standards. https://pcaobus.org/Rulemaking/Docket034/2021-002
Rezaee, Z. (2004). Rebuilding public trust in financial reporting and audit functions: Critical issues and implications. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 23(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2004.23.1.1
Rezaee, Z. (2004). Reducing financial statement fraud through internal controls and audit education. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(4), 518-537. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686900410533294
SEC. (2003). Final Rule: Strengthening the Commission's Requirements Regarding Auditor Independence. https://www.sec.gov/rules/final/33-8183.htm
SEC. (2003). Final rule: Strengthening the Commission's requirements regarding auditor independence. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/rules/final/33-8183.htm
SEC. (2010). The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. https://www.sec.gov/spotlight/dodd-frank.shtml
Simunic, D. A. (1980). The pricing of audit services: Theory and evidence. Journal of Accounting Research, 18(1), 161–190. https://doi.org/10.2307/2490390
Wang, P., & Campbell, T. (2022). The impact of audit transparency on investor trust and market efficiency. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12603
Wang, Z., & Campbell, D. (2022). Does auditor industry specialization improve audit quality? New evidence from the European Union. Contemporary Accounting Research, 39(1), 251–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12704