Advances in Business & Industrial Marketing Research

Trade Openness and Indonesia's Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence of the Role of Exports and Imports in Gross Domestic Product

Noldin Jerry Tumbel — 2026-07-26

Purpose: This study examines the effects of exports and imports, as indicators of trade openness, on Indonesia’s real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in both the short run and the long run.

Research Method: Quarterly data from the first quarter of 2015 to the first quarter of 2026 (45 observations) were obtained from Statistics Indonesia. The study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, including descriptive statistics, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests, lag selection using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), bounds testing, and short-run dynamic estimation.

Results and Discussion: The results show that all variables are non-stationary at level but none is integrated of order two, validating the use of the ARDL model. The optimal specification is ARDL (1,4,1). The bounds test produces an F-statistic of 1.737, below the 5% lower critical bound (4.135), indicating no long-run equilibrium relationship between trade openness and real GDP. Moreover, exports and imports have no statistically significant short-run effects on economic growth. In contrast, significant second- and third-quarter dummy variables reveal seasonal patterns in GDP fluctuations, suggesting that aggregate trade values alone do not sufficiently explain economic growth.

Implications: Trade policies should prioritize increasing domestic value added, improving productivity, and strengthening industrial linkages rather than merely expanding trade volumes.

Originality: This study provides recent evidence on the trade openness–growth nexus in Indonesia using post-2015 quarterly data and demonstrates the limited explanatory power of aggregate trade flows in the absence of stronger domestic productive capacity.

Short-Run and Long-Run Relationship Between Indonesia's Export Value and Real Gross Domestic Product: Quarterly Data Analysis 2010Q1–2026Q1

Noldin Jerry Tumbel — 2026-07-26

Purpose: This study examines the short-run and long-run relationship between export value and Indonesia’s real gross domestic product (GDP) to evaluate the validity of the export-led growth hypothesis.

Research Method: The study uses 65 quarterly observations from 2010 to 2026, consisting of real GDP at constant 2010 prices and export value. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, bounds test for cointegration, unit root test, and diagnostic and stability tests were employed to examine the relationship between the variables.

Results and Discussion: The unit root results indicate that both variables are integrated of order one, I(1). Based on the Bayesian Information Criterion, the ARDL (1,1) model was selected as the optimal specification. The bounds test produced an F-statistic of 0.874, which is below the 5% lower critical bound, indicating no long-run cointegrating relationship between export value and real GDP. Although changes in export value have a positive and statistically significant short-run effect, the model exhibits heteroskedasticity, non-normal residuals, and parameter instability, particularly during the economic shock in the second quarter of 2020. These findings suggest that higher export values alone do not guarantee sustained economic growth because their impact depends on export composition, domestic value added, import content, and broader macroeconomic conditions.

Implications: Policies should emphasize export diversification and higher domestic value-added production rather than focusing solely on increasing export value.

Originality: This study provides updated evidence on Indonesia’s export-led growth hypothesis using quarterly data through 2026 and demonstrates the absence of a stable long-run relationship despite significant short-run effects.

The Role of Customer Engagement as a Mediator of the Effects of Digital Ad Personalization and Interactive Digital Content on Consumer Trust on TikTok Shop

Muchlis Abbas — 2026-07-27

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of Digital Ad Personalization and Interactive Digital Content on Consumer Trust, with Customer Engagement as a mediating variable, among TikTok Shop users in the Generation Z segment in Indonesia.

Research Method: This study employed a quantitative approach with an explanatory survey design. Data were collected from 200 active TikTok Shop users through purposive sampling using an online questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS 4.0 software to test the measurement model, structural model, and mediating effects.

Results and Discussion: The results of the study indicate that Digital Ad Personalization and Interactive Digital Content have a positive and significant effect on Customer Engagement and Consumer Trust. In addition, Customer Engagement has a positive effect on Consumer Trust and was found to partially mediate the relationship between Digital Ad Personalization and Interactive Digital Content and Consumer Trust.

Implications: These findings suggest that digital marketing strategies that integrate ad personalization and interactive content can increase consumer engagement while strengthening consumer trust in social commerce platforms. Further research is recommended to develop a model by adding other variables and expanding the characteristics of the respondents.

Originality: The novelty of this study lies in integrating Digital Ad Personalization, Interactive Digital Content, Customer Engagement, and Consumer Trust into a single PLS-SEM-based mediation model in the context of TikTok Shop in Indonesia.

From Experience to Loyalty: The Sequential Process of Building Gen Z Trust in Aesthetic Clinics

Alifia Nasya Manurung — 2026-08-29

Purpose: This study aims to examine the formation of Generation Z loyalty in the context of aesthetic clinics by developing a Sequential S-O-R Framework. Unlike traditional models, this study conceptualizes the Organism component as a sequential psychological process that progresses from evaluative satisfaction to relational brand trust.

Research Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 408 customers of aesthetic clinics in Medan City. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the proposed structural relationships among variables.

Results and Discussion: The findings support a statistically significant serial indirect pathway linking experiential marketing to loyalty through satisfaction and brand trust. However, because the study employs a cross-sectional design, the proposed ordering of satisfaction and brand trust should be interpreted as theoretically specified rather than as evidence of temporal or causal progression. Brand trust emerged as a stronger statistical predictor of loyalty than customer satisfaction within the tested model. Lifestyle showed a statistically significant, albeit very small, negative moderating effect on the relationship between experiential marketing and brand trust.

Implications: Aesthetic clinic managers should shift their focus from merely creating physical beauty experiences toward building systematic brand integrity to strengthen long-term customer loyalty.

Originality: This study contributes by integrating expectation-confirmation theory and commitment-trust theory within a Sequential S-O-R Framework to explain the complex psychological pathway of Generation Z loyalty formation.

Financial Marketing in E-Commerce: How Trust, Transaction Ease, and Information Quality Shape Online Purchase Decisions

Andi Muara Arumbarkah — 2026-09-01

Purpose: This study examines how trust, transaction ease, and information quality influence online purchase decisions among young adult e-commerce users.

Research Method: A quantitative explanatory survey was conducted with 64 eligible users recruited from a private university setting in Makassar, Indonesia. All respondents had prior purchasing experience on the focal marketplace platform. Trust, transaction ease, information quality, and online purchase decision were measured using multi-item five-point Likert scales. The analysis employed item-total validity assessment, Cronbach’s alpha, classical regression diagnostics, multiple linear regression, t-tests, an overall F-test, and the coefficient of determination using SPSS.

Results and Discussion: The findings support a transaction-centered explanation of e-commerce behavior. Consumers are more willing to decide to purchase when they trust the exchange environment, perceive the transaction process as easy, and receive information that is sufficiently accurate, timely, relevant, and complete. Ease and trust display almost identical standardized coefficients, indicating that process convenience and transaction confidence should be regarded as joint priorities rather than as competing explanations. Information quality has a smaller unique effect but remains an important part of the purchase-conversion environment.

Implications: Marketplace managers should reduce transactional friction, protect trust through reliable seller and platform signals, and improve the accuracy, relevance, timeliness, and completeness of product information.

Originality: The study integrates Technology Acceptance Model logic, e-commerce trust, and information quality theory into a single conversion-oriented framework and compares their relative effects within a tightly defined segment of young adults.

Safety Risk Management and Management Information Systems on Aviation Security Performance at Kualanamu International Airport

Nurhalimah Tusa’ Diah Siregar — 2026-09-05

Purpose: The main focus of this study is to evaluate the extent to which the implementation of Safety Risk Management and Management Information System (MIS) affects the performance effectiveness of Avsec personnel at Kualanamu International Airport.

Research Method: This study employed a quantitative survey approach, with primary data obtained through questionnaires distributed to 100 active Avsec personnel. The data were subsequently processed using Multiple Linear Regression analysis assisted by the SPSS statistical application.

Results and Discussion: The results showed that Safety Risk Management and the Management Information System (MIS) had a significant positive effect on Avsec personnel's performance. These findings indicate that more optimal implementation of risk management and information systems leads to higher levels of personnel preparedness and effectiveness in maintaining aviation security.

Implications: This study implies that airport management should strengthen safety risk management practices and optimize the implementation of an integrated management information system to improve Aviation Security performance. These findings provide practical insights for developing risk-based security strategies, improving personnel preparedness, and supporting more effective decision-making in airport security operations.

Originality: The originality of this study lies in integrating Safety Risk Management and Management Information System as simultaneous determinants of Aviation Security Performance.

Different Patterns of Work Discipline and Employee Performance: Evidence from Two Indonesian Public Service Organizations

Andi Muhammad Fara Kessi — 2026-09-30

Purpose: This study compares two independently specified models from Indonesian public service organizations to examine whether the relationship between work discipline and employee performance is consistent across different organizational settings.

Research Method: A structured cross-study comparison was conducted using findings from two independent cross-sectional studies. The first examined employees of a regional public hospital, focusing on work environment and work discipline. The second examined a district land administration office, focusing on organizational culture, leadership, and work discipline. Results were interpreted within each model and compared descriptively without pooling individual-level data.

Results and Discussion: Work discipline showed a positive relationship with employee performance in the hospital study, whereas it did not demonstrate a distinct relationship in the land administration study after other organizational factors were considered. These contrasting patterns indicate that the discipline–performance relationship may depend on model specification and organizational conditions.

Implications: Differences in samples, measurement instruments, and predictor configurations limit direct comparison. Future studies should use harmonized multi-site designs and equivalent measures.

Originality: The study demonstrates that the relationship between work discipline and employee performance is not necessarily consistent across public service organizations and emphasizes context-sensitive interpretation of comparative findings.

Customer Experience, Facilities, and Service Quality on Repurchase Intention Among Damri Bus Users on The Pontianak–Sintang Route

Muhammad Haiqal Adhari — 2026-10-02

Purpose: This study examines the relationships of customer experience, facilities, and service quality with repurchase intention among DAMRI bus users on the Pontianak-Sintang route.

Research Method: A quantitative associative design was used with primary questionnaire data from 150 respondents who had used DAMRI services on the Pontianak-Sintang or Sintang-Pontianak route. Purposive sampling was applied. The analysis used item-validity testing, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, correlation and coefficient-of-determination analysis, and F- and t-tests.

Results and Discussion: Customer experience, facilities, and service quality were each positively and significantly associated with repurchase intention, and the overall regression model was statistically significant.

Implications: The study is limited to one intercity DAMRI route and a purposively selected sample. The findings indicate that service managers should maintain positive passenger experiences, adequate physical facilities, and consistent service delivery. Future research should test broader samples and additional explanatory variables.

Originality: The study integrates customer experience, physical facilities, and service quality in one model of repurchase intention within an Indonesian intercity bus context.

Price and Physical Evidence on Consumer Decisions Regarding Damri Executive Class Bus Services

Iqbal Ikramullah — 2026-10-03

Purpose: This study examines whether price perceptions and physical evidence are associated with consumer decisions among users of DAMRI Executive Class bus services on the Pontianak-Sintang corridor.

Research Method: A quantitative associative design used questionnaire data from 100 purposively selected users aged 17 years or older with direct experience of the service. Price, physical evidence, and consumer decisions were measured using five-point Likert scales and analyzed with instrument checks, descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, partial tests, and a simultaneous model test.

Results and Discussion: More favorable evaluations of price and physical evidence were each positively associated with consumer decisions, and the two predictors were jointly related to the outcome.

Implications: The cross-sectional, single-corridor, purposive-sample design and two-predictor model limit generalization. The findings support managerial attention to fare-value alignment and consistent maintenance of cleanliness, comfort, vehicle condition, and supporting facilities.

Originality: The study provides route-specific evidence on how monetary and tangible service attributes jointly relate to executive intercity bus choice.

Digital Leadership and Family Business Performance: Mediating Roles of Dynamic Capability and Organizational Flexibility

Nur Annisa Marthaher — 2026-10-09

Purpose: This study examines associations between digital leadership and family business performance, with dynamic capability and organizational flexibility as parallel mediators.

Research Method: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 97 respondents from family businesses in Padang, Indonesia, was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Purposive sampling was applied.

Results and Discussion: Digital leadership showed no statistically significant direct association with perceived family business performance. It was positively associated with both dynamic capability and organizational flexibility, which in turn were positively associated with performance. Both indirect pathways were statistically supported.

Implications: The cross-sectional, nonprobability, self-reported design limits causal and population-level inference. The findings suggest that managers should combine digital leadership with capability development and adaptable organizational processes.

Originality: The study examines two parallel organizational pathways within a single model of family businesses in Padang.