Advances in Healthcare Research

Addressing the Stigma and Size of Antiretroviral (ARV) Tablets: A Call for Innovation

Michael Mncedisi Willie — 2025-05-03

Purpose: This study investigates how antiretroviral (ARV) tablet size affects medication adherence, particularly in individuals with dysphagia, pediatric populations, and the elderly. It highlights the role of tablet size in influencing adherence and its broader impact on virological control, drug resistance, and HIV-related morbidity.

Research Method: This research employed a constructivist paradigm, conducting a scoping literature review to explore existing studies. Systematic inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select relevant sources. Thematic analysis identified key patterns and refined central themes to ensure analytical consistency regarding ARV tablet size and associated adherence barriers.

Results and Discussion: The review reveals that smaller tablets, particularly in dolutegravir-based regimens, significantly enhance adherence by reducing the physical difficulty of swallowing. However, the visibility of medication continues to contribute to stigma, potentially undermining adherence. Emerging innovations, such as mini-tablets, nanotechnology, and long-acting injectables, show promise; however, their cost and limited availability hinder widespread adoption in low-resource settings.

Implications: The findings suggest a need for patient-centred ARV formulations that reduce stigma and improve access. Policymakers and pharmaceutical stakeholders are encouraged to develop smaller, affordable ARV options to support better adherence and long-term treatment success.

Essential Competencies of Public Health Professionals in Disaster Management: A Scoping Review

Agung Raharjo — 2025-05-14

Purpose: This scoping review aimed to systematically identify core competencies for public health professionals in disaster management.

Research Method: We analyzed 22 studies (2002-2024) from PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science using Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework. Included studies addressed competencies for disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.

Results and Discussion: The review identified seven critical competency domains: disaster preparedness and risk reduction, leadership and crisis management, communication and digital tool utilization, psychosocial support, community engagement with cultural competency, inter-agency coordination, and post-disaster recovery systems. Leadership and community-centered approaches were universally essential, while technological competencies, such as GIS and proficiency in social media, represented emerging needs. Significant gaps were noted in climate-related disaster frameworks and standardized global training protocols.

Implications: Findings underscore the urgent need to validate competencies in field settings, integrate climate science into training programs, and develop standardized frameworks for resource-limited regions. These directly inform public health curriculum development and policy initiatives aimed at enhancing workforce preparedness for evolving disaster scenarios, including climate-related emergencies and pandemics.

The Role of Oxytocin Massage in Reducing Stress and Anxiety in Postpartum Mothers

Nur Partiwi — 2025-05-14

Purpose: This study aims to explore the role of oxytocin massage in reducing stress and anxiety among postpartum mothers while enhancing breastfeeding success. This study investigates the efficacy of oxytocin massage as a non-pharmacological intervention to enhance maternal well-being and lactation outcomes.

Research Method: This study employed a systematic literature review (SLR) approach, analyzing peer-reviewed articles published after 2018 from reputable databases, including Elsevier, Emerald, Wiley, and Springer. Inclusion criteria focused on studies examining oxytocin massage and its impact on postpartum stress, anxiety, and breastfeeding success. Data were synthesized and analyzed thematically to identify patterns and gaps in the literature.

Results and Discussion: The findings revealed that oxytocin massage significantly reduces postpartum stress and anxiety by stimulating the release of oxytocin, which in turn decreases cortisol levels and promotes relaxation. The oxytocin massage also enhances the milk ejection reflex, thereby facilitating successful breastfeeding. Oxytocin massage emerged as an effective, non-invasive intervention for postpartum care.

Implications: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of incorporating oxytocin massage into standard postpartum care practices, both in clinical settings and at home. Health care providers should be trained to educate mothers about proper massage techniques to ensure optimal benefits.

Family Planning, Population Growth and Social Welfare: A Qualitative Study

Rachmi Nurul Hidayat Hafid — 2025-05-15

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the impact of family planning (FP) on population growth and social welfare, examining FP's multifaceted role as both a demographic intervention and a strategic tool for sustainable development.

Research Method: Adopting a qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this research synthesizes findings from diverse empirical studies published after 2018, focusing on FP's demographic, health, economic, and sociocultural outcomes. The review framework was structured to ensure analytical rigor and thematic coherence across selected studies.

Results and Discussion: The study finds that FP significantly reduces fertility rates, improves maternal and child health, strengthens household economic stability, and promotes women's empowerment. The effectiveness of family planning (FP) programs varies across regions and is primarily influenced by sociocultural contexts, institutional capacity, and the quality of service delivery. The Demographic Transition Theory supports the role of family planning (FP) in facilitating population stabilization. The discussion highlights the importance of culturally responsive communication strategies and integrated policy frameworks in improving family planning outcomes.

Implications: Practical implications include integrating family planning (FP) into education, gender equity, and public health agendas, while strengthening community engagement and equitable access to services.

Maternal Age and Risk of Pregnancy Complications: A Qualitative Study

Kiki Riskianti Nanda — 2025-05-23

Purpose: This study aims to explore the relationship between advanced maternal age (≥35 years) and the risk of pregnancy complications through a qualitative perspective, emphasizing women's perceptions, experiences, and coping strategies.

Research Method: A systematic literature review methodology was employed to synthesize qualitative research findings related to advanced maternal age and pregnancy complications. Relevant studies were reviewed to identify recurring themes, contradictions, and contextual gaps.

Results and Discussion: The findings reveal that advanced maternal age is associated with heightened risks of complications such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, hypertension, preterm birth, and postpartum hemorrhage. Personal experiences, cultural beliefs, and access to healthcare influence perceptions of these risks. Women with higher perceived susceptibility are more likely to seek medical intervention, while those facing socio-economic barriers or cultural stigma exhibit lower health-seeking behaviors.

Implications: The study underscores the importance of developing culturally sensitive maternal health programs tailored to the needs of older pregnant women. Healthcare providers should adopt empathetic communication strategies and accessible education programs. Future research should address this study's limitations by employing mixed-methods approaches and considering broader social determinants of health.

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Liquid Shampoo Combining Patchouli Leaf Extract and Coconut Oil as an Antidandruff Shampoo

Risma Sri Wahyuni — 2025-06-01

Purpose: Dandruff is a scalp condition that affects approximately 50% of the global population and 26% of the population in Indonesia. This study aims to formulate and evaluate various formulations of liquid shampoo containing a combination of patchouli leaf extract (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and coconut oil as an alternative natural-based anti-dandruff shampoo.

Research Method: This study used a quantitative approach with an experimental design. The formulation consisted of a combination of patchouli leaf extract at concentrations of 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% and coconut oil at concentrations of 2%, 3%, and 4%. Quality evaluation was conducted through organoleptic testing, homogeneity testing, pH measurement, foam height measurement, viscosity measurement, and skin irritation testing on 15 respondents.

Results and Discussion: All formulas (F0, F1, F2, F3) meet the physical quality criteria for shampoo. Organoleptic testing indicates that the formula has a thick liquid consistency, is homogeneous, and ranges in color from clear to dark green, with a green tea aroma. The average pH is within the safe range (6.75–5.31). Foam height and viscosity are within normal limits, and no respondents reported any irritation complaints.

Implications: The formulation of liquid shampoo combining patchouli leaves and coconut oil can be a potential solution in the development of safe, natural-based anti-dandruff products. This study provides scientific contributions to the herbal cosmetics industry in Indonesia.

Formulation and Efficacy Test of Antistress Aromatherapy Candles Containing Peppermint Leaf Essential Oil (Mentha Piperita L) and Clove Leaf Essential Oil (Syzygium Aromaticum L) on Mice (Mus Musculus)

Khunut Nazilla — 2025-06-10

Purpose: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy candles containing peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) essential oils at concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7% on mice.

Research Method: This study employed a laboratory experimental method with a post-test-only control group design. The formula used in this study was a combination of peppermint and clove with concentrations FII (2%:1%), FIII (3%:2%), and FIV (4%:3%), as well as negative and positive controls (lavender). The evaluation was conducted on physical tests of the candles, including organoleptic tests, burn time tests, and melting point tests. The antistress effectiveness testing was divided into five groups, each consisting of 5 mice. The first treatment involved the Tail Suspension Test to induce stress in the mice. Subsequently, the mice were exposed to aromatherapy candles, and the Forced Swimming Test was conducted. The test results were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA test.

Results and Discussion: All aromatherapy candle formulas met the physical evaluation test requirements. Formulas FII and FIII demonstrated antistress efficacy with a significance value of less than 0.05.

Implications: These results indicate that the combination of peppermint leaf essential oil and clove leaf essential oil has potential as an active ingredient in anti-stress aromatherapy candles. Further research is needed to support its effectiveness on a broader scale.

Qualitative Study on Pregnant Women's Perceptions of Iron Tablet Administration in Anemia Prevention during the First to Third Trimesters

Fajar Dhini Yahya — 2025-06-18

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the effect of iron tablet supplementation on pregnant women from the first to the third trimester in preventing pregnancy-related anemia. The primary focus is on understanding the dynamics of consumption compliance, maternal perceptions, the effectiveness of health education, as well as environmental factors and accessibility that influence the success of the intervention.

Research Method: This study employed a qualitative approach, based on a systematic literature review of relevant publications from 2018 to 2025. The analysis was conducted thematically to identify consumption patterns, motivations, educational interventions, and their impact on the hemoglobin status of pregnant women.

Results and Discussion: The findings indicate a progressive trend in adherence to iron tablet consumption from the first to the third trimester, with the main barriers being complaints of nausea and gastrointestinal side effects. Positive perceptions of the benefits of iron tablets, along with appropriate social support and education, have been shown to improve adherence. Health education tailored to the stage of pregnancy is more effective in changing behavior. Consistent iron tablet consumption contributes to increased hemoglobin levels and reduces the risk of anemia, as well as pregnancy complications such as preterm birth and low birth weight.

Implications: This study provides original contributions to the development of trimester-based maternal health education strategies and the improvement of iron tablet availability in primary care. The implications include strengthening maternal and child health program policies and involving multiple stakeholders, including families and communities, in supporting the success of interventions.

Causes of Pathological Vaginal Discharge and Impacts on Adolescent Reproductive Health

Salina Salina — 2025-06-20

Purpose: This study aims to identify and analyze in depth various factors causing pathological vaginal discharge in adolescent girls and evaluate its implications for reproductive health. The primary focus is on the interaction between biological aspects, personal hygiene behavior, social and cultural constructs, and access to health information and services.

Research Method: This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing a systematic literature review of national and international scientific articles published between 2020 and 2025. The analysis is conducted thematically to group the causal factors and analyze their interrelationships based on reliable academic references.

Results and Discussion: Findings indicate that pathological vaginal discharge in adolescents is caused by a combination of hormonal changes, vaginal microflora imbalance, and poor hygiene practices, such as wearing tight pants and improper cleaning of the genital area. Cultural norms that taboo discussions about reproductive health further exacerbate delays in treatment. The lack of formal sexual education and access to youth-friendly health services are significant barriers to the prevention and management of vaginal discharge.

Implications: This study emphasizes the importance of a holistic, intersectoral, and sustainable educational approach. Single interventions are insufficient to address this issue. Recommendations are directed toward integrating reproductive education into school curricula and providing inclusive and accessible adolescent health services.

Relationship Intake Maternal Nutrition in 1000 Days of Life and Infant Nutritional Status at Age Two

Sitti Hasrah Ibrahim — 2025-06-20

Purpose: This study aims to examine in depth the relationship between maternal nutrition intake during the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the nutritional status of children at two years of age. The primary focus of this study is to explore the association between adequate intake of essential nutrients such as protein, iron, zinc, folic acid, and vitamin A during pregnancy and child growth indicators, including weight-for-age (WFA), height-for-age (HFA), and weight-for-height (WFA).

Research Method: This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing a systematic literature review method. The review was conducted on various relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025, which addressed the biological, socioeconomic, and health intervention dimensions related to maternal nutrition and its impact on the nutritional status of two-year-old children. The analysis was conducted thematically by grouping the findings into six main discussion areas.

Results and Discussion: The results show a strong association between maternal nutritional adequacy and child growth at the age of two years. Factors such as nutritional imbalance during pregnancy, maternal education level, local dietary culture, and the quality of maternal and child health services play important roles. Systematic and contextually appropriate nutrition intervention programs are urgently needed to optimize child growth outcomes.

Implications: This study makes a significant contribution to the development of maternal and child health policies and can serve as a basis for planning community-based and cross-sectoral interventions aimed at preventing stunting.

Limited Access to Health Services and Pregnancy Risks

Andi Syarifah Irmadani — 2025-06-20

Purpose: This study aims to examine the limitations of access to health services and their relationship to increased pregnancy risk in Indonesia, highlighting the interacting geographical, socioeconomic, cultural, and policy factors that shape maternal access disparities.

Research Method: This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method to analyze academic literature published between 2015 and 2025. The search was conducted comprehensively through searches in reputable international journals from publishers Elsevier, Emerald, Wiley, and Springer.

Results and Discussion: The study's results indicate that structural factors, including low socioeconomic status, geographical isolation, and a shortage of trained healthcare workers, primarily cause limited access to maternal health services. In addition, socio-cultural factors such as the dominance of non-medical personnel and gender norms also contribute to delays in accessing medical services. The mismatch between national policies and local needs exacerbates service gaps and increases the risk of pregnancy complications.

Implications: This study highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary and contextual approach in developing maternal health policies. Community-based strategies that take into account the socio-cultural context and strengthen primary services and health literacy are needed as long-term, sustainable interventions.

Relationship Between Pregnant Women's Anxiety Levels and Baby Blues Syndrome During the Postpartum Period

Tri Rikhaniarti — 2025-06-20

Purpose: This study aims to explore the relationship between the level of anxiety in pregnant women and the incidence of baby blues syndrome during the postpartum period. The primary focus is to understand the psychological and physiological mechanisms underlying the transition from prenatal anxiety to postpartum emotional disorders.

Research Method: This study employs a qualitative approach, incorporating a systematic literature review of scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025. The analysis was conducted on secondary data from national and international journals, considering the psychosocial, hormonal, and neurobiological frameworks related to anxiety in pregnant women and baby blues.

Results and Discussion: Findings indicate that anxiety during pregnancy is significantly correlated with an increased risk of postpartum baby blues syndrome. Factors such as lack of social support, cultural pressure on the role of mothers, and hormonal fluctuations contribute to the occurrence of emotional disturbances after childbirth. This study also confirms that emotional unpreparedness during pregnancy is an important indicator of mental stability in mothers during the postpartum period.

Implications: The results of this study suggest the need for anxiety screening in antenatal services, training for healthcare workers in the early detection of emotional disorders, and strengthening psychosocial interventions as preventive measures. These findings also encourage the development of more holistic maternal mental health policies.

Formulation and Efficacy Test of Antistress Aromatherapy Candle with Jasmine Essential Oil (Jasminum sambac L) on Mice (Mus musculus)

Noor Alfina Febrianti — 2025-06-22

Purpose: Aromatherapy is a non-pharmacological healing method that uses essential oils as therapeutic agents. Jasmine flowers (Jasminum sambac L.) contain active compounds such as linalool, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, cis-jasmone, nerolidol, and indole that have potential applications in stress management. This study aims to investigate the antistress efficacy of aromatherapy candles made from jasmine essential oil on mice (Mus musculus).

Research Method: This study employed a laboratory experiment with a post-test-only control group design. A total of 25 male mice were divided into five groups, each consisting of five mice. The treatment groups were exposed to aromatherapy candles with essential oil concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6%, while the control groups included a negative control and a positive control. Stress induction was performed using the Tail Suspension Test (TST), and effectiveness was assessed through immobility time parameters. Data analysis was conducted using a One-Way ANOVA test.

Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the wax formula with a concentration of 6% has the best physical characteristics and provides the fastest relaxation effect. The ANOVA test reveals a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05), indicating a significant effect of aromatherapy wax on stress reduction in mice.

Implications: This study reinforces the potential of jasmine essential oil-based aromatherapy candles as an alternative therapy for stress management, while also supporting the development of safe and effective, naturally based health products.

Testing the Effectiveness of Basil Leaf Essential Oil (Ocimum basilicum L) against Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes in Aromatherapy Candles

Santi Dwi Rahayu — 2025-07-12

Purpose: This study aims to formulate basil leaf essential oil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as an active ingredient against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the form of aromatherapy wax that can be applied by inhalation.

Research Method: This study is a laboratory experimental study. Essential oil from basil leaves was obtained through steam distillation, while the wax preparation was made using the melting method. The aromatherapy wax formulation consisted of five groups, namely positive control, negative control, formulation I (2%), formulation II (4%), and formulation III (6%). Each formulation was tested through a series of physical property tests, including organoleptic tests (color, odor, and shape), burning time test, melting point test, and effectiveness test as an insect repellent against Aedes aegypti. Data analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA statistical test and followed by a Tukey Post Hoc test.

Results and Discussion: The results showed that aromatherapy candles containing basil essential oil had varying effectiveness against mosquito mortality. Formulations with higher concentrations (4% and 6%) provided the best results in physical testing and biological effectiveness compared to other formulations and controls.

Implications: This study supports the development of natural-based aromatherapy candles as a safe, effective, and environmentally friendly alternative insecticide for controlling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in domestic environments.

Risk Factor Analysis of Leptospirosis Incidence in Endemic Areas

Nurfitri Nurfitri — 2025-07-20

Purpose: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by rats, which serve as the primary vector, and is caused by the bacterium Leptospira. This disease is a serious concern in tropical regions, including Indonesia, due to its high incidence and mortality rates. This study aims to analyze various risk factors that influence the incidence of leptospirosis in endemic areas, based on the latest scientific literature.

Research Method: This study employed a systematic literature review method, searching articles published between 2020 and 2024 on the Google Scholar and PubMed platforms. From the 268 articles identified using the keywords “Leptospirosis, Rats, Risk Factors,” a selection was made based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 10 relevant articles. Five of these articles were selected for further analysis.

Results and Discussion: The results of the study indicate that several significant risk factors for leptospirosis include: the presence of Leptospira bacteria in the environment, distance of homes from waterways, standing water, garbage conditions, presence of rats, pet ownership, risky activities, use of personal protective equipment, and history of flooding.

Implications: This study contributes to the formulation of risk-based prevention policies and supports more targeted public health interventions in areas endemic to leptospirosis.

Risk Factors Associated with Diarrhea in Infants

Ariyani Cahyani — 2025-07-20

Purpose: Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of death among infants in Indonesia and is a significant public health issue. This study aims to identify and analyze various risk factors associated with diarrhea in infants through a literature review approach.

Research Method: This study employed a literature review method with a content analysis approach, utilizing articles obtained from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. The keywords used are “Infants,” “Diarrhea,” and “Risk Factors.” Article selection was conducted systematically using the PRISMA framework, from identification through screening to eligibility assessment. Out of 208 articles obtained, 10 articles were selected that met the criteria for further analysis.

Results and Discussion: The study's results indicate that factors closely associated with the incidence of diarrhea in infants include not being exclusively breastfed, poor personal hygiene among mothers, inadequate basic sanitation facilities at home, low maternal education, maternal employment status, and limited socioeconomic conditions within the family. These factors interact with each other and increase the risk of diarrhea in young children.

Implications: These findings are significant for preventive efforts in public health, particularly in raising awareness and knowledge among parents about maintaining optimal hygiene, sanitation, and nutrition for their children.