Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study examines the role and effectiveness of combining insurance and hedging as complementary strategies for managing financing risk in volatile economic environments. By investigating how these two risk management tools work together, the study aims to provide insights into how companies can optimize their financial stability through integrated risk mitigation.
Research Design and Methodology: A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to analyze recent research on insurance and hedging within financial risk management frameworks. The study evaluates empirical and theoretical sources to explore the synergy between these strategies and their applicability across different risk scenarios.
Findings and Discussion: The findings reveal that insurance protects companies from direct operational risks, such as asset damage and unexpected losses, while hedging mitigates market volatility risks, including interest rate and commodity price fluctuations. The combined use of these tools offers a dual-layered approach, providing comprehensive protection against diverse financial risks. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of regulatory support in facilitating access to these instruments, strengthening corporate resilience and stakeholder confidence.
Implications: This research contributes to theory and practice by enhancing understanding of dual-instrument risk management. For managers, the findings serve as a guide for selecting appropriate risk mitigation strategies and balancing cost-efficiency and stability. For policymakers, the study underscores the need for a supportive regulatory environment to implement these strategies effectively. Future research could explore sector-specific applications and long-term effects on corporate performance.
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References
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- Babenko, I., Bessembinder, H., & Tserlukevich, Y. (2024). Risk hedging and loan covenants. Management Science. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.01616
- Banerjee, A. K., Akhtaruzzaman, M., Sensoy, A., & Goodell, J. W. (2024). Volatility spillovers and hedging strategies between impact investing and agricultural commodities. International Review of Financial Analysis, 94, 103237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103237
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- Feng, J. (2024). Internal governance, external governance, and corporate strategic decisions. University of Southampton.
- Garbaravicius, T., & Dierick, F. (2005). Hedge funds and their implications for financial stability. ECB Occasional Paper, 34. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.752094
- Glonti, V., Tsintsadze, A., Oniani, L., & Ghoghoberidze, T. (2023). Risk Management Problems and the Role of Insurance in Developing Countries. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 19(2), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2023.19-2.13
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- Han, S. (2024). Hedging strategies for US factor and sector exchange-traded funds during geopolitical events. Finance Research Letters, 65, 105502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.105502
- Hopkin, P. (2018). Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers.
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- Jensen, M. C., & Smith, C. W. (2000). Stockholder, manager, and creditor interests: Applications of agency theory. Theory of the Firm, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.173461
- Kalui, F. M. (2009). Effects of financial risk management strategies on the performance of horticulture firms. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23434
- Kiptoo, I. K., Kariuki, S. N., & Ocharo, K. N. (2021). Risk management and financial performance of insurance firms in Kenya. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1997246. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1997246
- Kousky, C. (2019). The Role of Natural Disaster Insurance in Recovery and Risk Reduction. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 11(1), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-094028
- Kousky, C. (2022). Understanding disaster insurance: New tools for a more resilient future. Island Press.
- Kouvelis, P., Dong, L., Boyabatli, O., & Li, R. (2011). Handbook of integrated risk management in global supply chains. John Wiley & Sons.
- Kulshrestha, P. (2022). Chapter-3 Financial Risk Management: Strategies for Mitigating Risks. Financial Management Excellence: Strategies for Sustainable Growth, 39.
- Lee, C.-C., Lee, C.-C., & Xiao, S. (2021). Policy-related risk and corporate financing behavior: Evidence from China’s listed companies. Economic Modelling, 94, 539–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.01.022
- Liu, W., Yan, Y., Li, B., & Yang, C. (2024). Does Readability Improve Investors’ Understanding of Hedging Positions? Australian Accounting Review, 34(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12423
- Majka, M. (2024). The Crucial Role of Insurance in Risk Mitigation Strategies. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marcin-Majka-2/publication/383846608
- Maples, W. E., Giri, A. K., Coble, K. H., & Subedi, D. (2022). Impact of government programs on producer demand for hedging. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 44(3), 1126–1138. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13241
- Mensi, W., El Khoury, R., Al-Kharusi, S., & Kang, S. H. (2024). Extreme dynamic connectedness and hedging strategy across commodity, bond, currency, and stock markets: Evidence from Asian Pacific, Canada, Mexico, and US countries. International Review of Economics & Finance, 96, 103533. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103533
- Mızrak, F. (2023). Integrating cybersecurity risk management into strategic management: a comprehensive literature review. Research Journal of Business and Management, 10(3), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1807
- Mrabure, K. O., & Abhulimhen-Iyoha, A. (2020). Corporate governance and protection of stakeholders rights and interests. Beijing L. Rev., 11, 292. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2020.111020
- Odulaja, B. A., Oke, T. T., Eleogu, T., Abdul, A. A., & Daraojimba, H. O. (2023). Resilience in the face of uncertainty: a review on the impact of supply chain volatility amid ongoing geopolitical disruptions. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 5(10), 463–486. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v5i10.634
- Rizal S, M., Siraj, M. L., Syarifuddin, S., Tadampali, A. C. T., Zainal, H., & Mahmud, R. (2024). Understanding Financial Risk Dynamics: Systematic Literature Review inquiry into Credit, Market, and Operational Risks: (A Long-life Lesson From Global Perspective to Indonesia Market Financial Strategy). Atestasi : Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 7(2 SE-Articles), 1186–1213. https://doi.org/10.57178/atestasi.v7i2.927
- Settembre-Blundo, D., González-Sánchez, R., Medina-Salgado, S., & García-Muiña, F. E. (2021). Flexibility and Resilience in Corporate Decision Making: A New Sustainability-Based Risk Management System in Uncertain Times. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 22(2), 107–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-021-00277-7
- Shapiro, S. P. (2005). Agency theory. Annual Review of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122159
- Stewart, S. D., Piros, C. D., & Heisler, J. C. (2019). Portfolio management: theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons.
- Tapang, A. T., Takon, S. M., Uklala, A. P., Obo, E. B., Efiong, E. J., Ihendinihu, J. U., Anyingang, R. A., & Nkamare, S. E. (2022). Financial risk management and performance of insurance companies: The moderating role of hedge accounting. Journal of Management Information and Decision Sciences, 25(3), 50–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103533
- Taskinsoy, J. (2022). Financial Crises Continue to Strike amid Accelerated Evolution of Risk Management. Available at SSRN 4038732. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4038732
- Wang, R. (2024). Safeguarding Enterprise Prosperity: An In-depth Analysis of Financial Management Strategies. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-01752-z
- Xu, L., & Kinkyo, T. (2023). Hedging effectiveness of bitcoin and gold: Evidence from G7 stock markets. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 85, 101764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2023.101764
- Yudha, J. O. M., Oktavia, R., & Desriani, N. (2023). The effect of foreign debt, liquidity, firm size, and exchange rate on hedging decision. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business: JIEB., 38(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.v38i2.5887
References
Alam, N., & Gupta, A. (2018). Does hedging enhance firm value in good and bad times. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 26(1), 132–152. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-03-2017-0041
Babenko, I., Bessembinder, H., & Tserlukevich, Y. (2024). Risk hedging and loan covenants. Management Science. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.01616
Banerjee, A. K., Akhtaruzzaman, M., Sensoy, A., & Goodell, J. W. (2024). Volatility spillovers and hedging strategies between impact investing and agricultural commodities. International Review of Financial Analysis, 94, 103237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103237
Banks, E. (2004). Alternative risk transfer: integrated risk management through insurance, reinsurance, and the capital markets. John Wiley & Sons.
Cai, G. (2024). Risk Mitigation and Management BT - Supply Chain Finance: Mechanisms, Risk Analytics, and Technology (G. Cai (ed.); pp. 337–394). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56125-2_12
Feng, J. (2024). Internal governance, external governance, and corporate strategic decisions. University of Southampton.
Garbaravicius, T., & Dierick, F. (2005). Hedge funds and their implications for financial stability. ECB Occasional Paper, 34. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.752094
Glonti, V., Tsintsadze, A., Oniani, L., & Ghoghoberidze, T. (2023). Risk Management Problems and the Role of Insurance in Developing Countries. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 19(2), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2023.19-2.13
Hachicha, N., Ben Amar, A., Ben Slimane, I., Bellalah, M., & Prigent, J.-L. (2022). Dynamic connectedness and optimal hedging strategy among commodities and financial indices. International Review of Financial Analysis, 83, 102290. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102290
Han, S. (2024). Hedging strategies for US factor and sector exchange-traded funds during geopolitical events. Finance Research Letters, 65, 105502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.105502
Hopkin, P. (2018). Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers.
Jacobs, B. I., & Levy, K. N. (2024). Portfolio insurance, portfolio theory, market simufile:///C:/Users/ASUS/Downloads/scholar (27).rislation, and risks of portfolio leverage. Annfile:///C:/Users/ASUS/Downloads/Scholar (27). Risals of Operations Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-024-06248-2
Jensen, M. C., & Smith, C. W. (2000). Stockholder, manager, and creditor interests: Applications of agency theory. Theory of the Firm, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.173461
Kalui, F. M. (2009). Effects of financial risk management strategies on the performance of horticulture firms. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23434
Kiptoo, I. K., Kariuki, S. N., & Ocharo, K. N. (2021). Risk management and financial performance of insurance firms in Kenya. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1997246. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1997246
Kousky, C. (2019). The Role of Natural Disaster Insurance in Recovery and Risk Reduction. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 11(1), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-094028
Kousky, C. (2022). Understanding disaster insurance: New tools for a more resilient future. Island Press.
Kouvelis, P., Dong, L., Boyabatli, O., & Li, R. (2011). Handbook of integrated risk management in global supply chains. John Wiley & Sons.
Kulshrestha, P. (2022). Chapter-3 Financial Risk Management: Strategies for Mitigating Risks. Financial Management Excellence: Strategies for Sustainable Growth, 39.
Lee, C.-C., Lee, C.-C., & Xiao, S. (2021). Policy-related risk and corporate financing behavior: Evidence from China’s listed companies. Economic Modelling, 94, 539–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.01.022
Liu, W., Yan, Y., Li, B., & Yang, C. (2024). Does Readability Improve Investors’ Understanding of Hedging Positions? Australian Accounting Review, 34(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12423
Majka, M. (2024). The Crucial Role of Insurance in Risk Mitigation Strategies. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marcin-Majka-2/publication/383846608
Maples, W. E., Giri, A. K., Coble, K. H., & Subedi, D. (2022). Impact of government programs on producer demand for hedging. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 44(3), 1126–1138. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13241
Mensi, W., El Khoury, R., Al-Kharusi, S., & Kang, S. H. (2024). Extreme dynamic connectedness and hedging strategy across commodity, bond, currency, and stock markets: Evidence from Asian Pacific, Canada, Mexico, and US countries. International Review of Economics & Finance, 96, 103533. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103533
Mızrak, F. (2023). Integrating cybersecurity risk management into strategic management: a comprehensive literature review. Research Journal of Business and Management, 10(3), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2023.1807
Mrabure, K. O., & Abhulimhen-Iyoha, A. (2020). Corporate governance and protection of stakeholders rights and interests. Beijing L. Rev., 11, 292. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2020.111020
Odulaja, B. A., Oke, T. T., Eleogu, T., Abdul, A. A., & Daraojimba, H. O. (2023). Resilience in the face of uncertainty: a review on the impact of supply chain volatility amid ongoing geopolitical disruptions. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 5(10), 463–486. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v5i10.634
Rizal S, M., Siraj, M. L., Syarifuddin, S., Tadampali, A. C. T., Zainal, H., & Mahmud, R. (2024). Understanding Financial Risk Dynamics: Systematic Literature Review inquiry into Credit, Market, and Operational Risks: (A Long-life Lesson From Global Perspective to Indonesia Market Financial Strategy). Atestasi : Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 7(2 SE-Articles), 1186–1213. https://doi.org/10.57178/atestasi.v7i2.927
Settembre-Blundo, D., González-Sánchez, R., Medina-Salgado, S., & García-Muiña, F. E. (2021). Flexibility and Resilience in Corporate Decision Making: A New Sustainability-Based Risk Management System in Uncertain Times. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 22(2), 107–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-021-00277-7
Shapiro, S. P. (2005). Agency theory. Annual Review of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122159
Stewart, S. D., Piros, C. D., & Heisler, J. C. (2019). Portfolio management: theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Tapang, A. T., Takon, S. M., Uklala, A. P., Obo, E. B., Efiong, E. J., Ihendinihu, J. U., Anyingang, R. A., & Nkamare, S. E. (2022). Financial risk management and performance of insurance companies: The moderating role of hedge accounting. Journal of Management Information and Decision Sciences, 25(3), 50–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103533
Taskinsoy, J. (2022). Financial Crises Continue to Strike amid Accelerated Evolution of Risk Management. Available at SSRN 4038732. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4038732
Wang, R. (2024). Safeguarding Enterprise Prosperity: An In-depth Analysis of Financial Management Strategies. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-01752-z
Xu, L., & Kinkyo, T. (2023). Hedging effectiveness of bitcoin and gold: Evidence from G7 stock markets. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 85, 101764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2023.101764
Yudha, J. O. M., Oktavia, R., & Desriani, N. (2023). The effect of foreign debt, liquidity, firm size, and exchange rate on hedging decision. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business: JIEB., 38(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.v38i2.5887