Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to explore the role of forecasting in comparing financing options and its impact on business decision-making. It focuses on how forecasting tools help companies select financing strategies that align with their long-term financial goals and sustainability objectives.
Research Method: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology was employed to analyze existing studies related to forecasting in financial decision-making, with a particular emphasis on integrating sustainability factors, such as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations, into financing decisions.
Results and Discussion: The findings highlight that forecasting gives businesses essential insights into future cash flows, capital needs, and market conditions, enabling informed financing decisions. Accurate forecasting influences the choice between debt and equity financing, mitigates financial risks, and improves long-term stability. The study also highlights the growing importance of incorporating ESG factors into financial forecasting to align financing decisions with sustainability goals. This trend is becoming increasingly relevant in modern corporate finance.
Implications: The practical implications suggest businesses integrate forecasting models, including financial and ESG metrics, to ensure sustainable financing decisions. By forecasting, companies can effectively manage risks, enhance adaptability, and align their financial strategies with long-term objectives. This research contributes to the field by offering a novel approach that merges traditional economic analysis with sustainability considerations, providing financial managers with the tools to make data-driven, strategic decisions.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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- Allioui, H., & Mourdi, Y. (2023). Exploring the full potential of IoT for better financial growth and stability: A comprehensive survey. Sensors, 23(19), 8015. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198015
- Amin, Q. A., & Liu, J. (2020). Shareholders’ control rights, family ownership and the firm’s leverage decisions. International Review of Financial Analysis, 72, 101591. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101591
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- Babar, M., & Habib, A. (2021). Product market competition in accounting, finance, and corporate governance: A review of the literature. International Review of Financial Analysis, 73, 101607. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101607
- Borgonovo, E., & Plischke, E. (2016). Sensitivity analysis: A review of recent advances. European Journal of Operational Research, 248(3), 869–887. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.06.032
- Bozanic, Z., Ferguson, A., & Pündrich, G. (2024). Managing Expectations Through Budgetary Slack: Evidence from Project Financing. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2024.2312177
- Caldera, H. T. S., Desha, C., & Dawes, L. (2019). Evaluating the enablers and barriers for successful implementation of sustainable business practice in ‘lean’ SMEs. Journal of Cleaner Production, 218, 575–590. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.239
- Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., Gupta, S., Sivarajah, U., & Bag, S. (2023). Assessing the impact of big data analytics on decision-making processes, forecasting, and performance of a firm. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 196, 122824. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122824
- Dyer, M. R. (2019). Financial strategies for long-term success in women-owned small businesses. Walden University. https://doi.org/10.57229/2373-1761.1393
- Ferri, G., Acosta, B. A., Investing, I., Banks, A., & Ratings, E. S. G. (2019). SUSTAINABLE FINANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (1) by Giovanni Ferri and Bonnie Annette Acosta (LUMSA University, Rome – Italy). March, 1–64. https://iwfsas.org/iwfsas2019/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Sepecial-session-P2.pdf.
- Fight, A. (2005). Cash flow forecasting. Elsevier.
- Goodman, T. H., Neamtiu, M., Shroff, N., & White, H. D. (2014). Management Forecast Quality and Capital Investment Decisions. The Accounting Review, 89(1), 331–365. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50575
- Haessler, P. (2020). Strategic decisions between short-term profit and sustainability. Administrative Sciences, 10(3), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10030063
- Hoang, T. (2018). The Role of the Integrated Reporting in Raising Awareness of Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) Performance. In Stakeholders, Governance and Responsibility (Vol. 14, pp. 47–69). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2043-052320180000014003
- Ievsieieva, O., Kolisnyk, M., Yatsenko, O., Chornovol, A., & Bocharova, N. (2024). Financial Modeling and Forecasting in Corporate Finance Management. Economic Affairs, 69(1), 629–646. https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2.2024.23
- Iriani, N., Agustianti, A., Sucianti, R., Rahman, A., & Putera, W. (2024). Understanding Risk and Uncertainty Management: A Qualitative Inquiry into Developing Business Strategies Amidst Global Economic Shifts, Government Policies, and Market Volatility. Golden Ratio of Finance Management, 4(2), 62–77. https://doi.org/10.52970/grfm.v4i2.444
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- Judijanto, L., Hairuddin, S. H., Subhan, S., & Sipayung, B. (2024). Analysis of the Effect of Risk Management and Compliance Practices on Financial Performance and Corporate Reputation in the Financial Industry in Indonesia. The Es Accounting and Finance, 2(03 SE-Articles), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.58812/esaf.v2i03.293
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- Khan, M. S., & Khan, U. (2020). Comparison of forecasting performance with VAR vs. ARIMA models using economic variables of Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics, 10(2), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajpas/2020/v10i230243
- Kose, M. A., Ohnsorge, F., & Sugawara, N. (2020). Benefits and Costs of Debt: The Dose Makes the Poison. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3547372
- Kuzmina, J., Maditinos, D., Norena-Chavez, D., Grima, S., & Kadłubek, M. (2023). ESG Integration as a Risk Management Tool within the Financial Decision-making Process. In S. Grima, E. Thalassinos, M. Cristea, M. Kadłubek, D. Maditinos, & L. Peiseniece (Eds.), Digital Transformation, Strategic Resilience, Cyber Security and Risk Management (Vol. 111A, pp. 105–113). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1569-37592023000111A007
- Li, L., Zhou, S., Xu, W., & Dai, J. (2024). Green innovation’s impact on corporate financing: New insights from BRICS economies. Finance Research Letters, 62, 105172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.105172
- Liu, X., & Loang, O. K. (2023). Analysts’ forecast optimism and cash holding: evidence from China. Finance Research Letters, 57, 104237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104237
- Lu, J. (2021). Can the green merger and acquisition strategy improve the environmental protection investment of listed company? Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 86, 106470. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106470
- Macchiavello, E., & Siri, M. (2022). Sustainable Finance and Fintech: Can Technology Contribute to Achieving Environmental Goals? A Preliminary Assessment of ‘Green Fintech’ and ‘Sustainable Digital Finance.’ 19(1), 128–174. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/ecfr-2022-0005
- Migliorelli, M. (2021). What do we mean by sustainable finance? Assessing existing frameworks and policy risks. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020975
- Mishra, S. (2018). Financial management and forecasting using business intelligence and big data analytic tools. International Journal of Financial Engineering, 5(02), 1850011. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2424786318500111
- Mpofu, S., & Chasokela, D. (2025). Data-Informed Decision-Making: Using Analytics to Drive Strategic Management in Higher Education. In Building Organizational Capacity and Strategic Management in Academia (pp. 103–138). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6967-8.ch004
- Mun, J. (2006). Modeling risk: Applying Monte Carlo simulation, real options analysis, forecasting, and optimization techniques (Vol. 347). John Wiley & Sons.
- Munier, N., Hontoria, E., & Jiménez-Sáez, F. (2019). Strategic approach in multi-criteria decision making (Vol. 275). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44453-1
- Myers, S. C. (2003). Chapter 4 - Financing of Corporations. In G. M. Constantinides, M. Harris, & R. M. B. T.-H. of the E. of F. Stulz (Eds.), Corporate Finance (Vol. 1, pp. 215–253). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01008-2
- Nukala, V. B., & Prasada Rao, S. S. (2021). Role of debt-to-equity ratio in project investment valuation, assessing risk and return in capital markets. Future Business Journal, 7(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-021-00058-9
- Rao, A., & Hossain, M. R. (2024). The future of finance: Artificial intelligence’s influence on behavioral investment decisions. In Leveraging AI and Emotional Intelligence in Contemporary Business Organizations (pp. 166–186). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1902-4.ch010
- Rascher, D. A. (2021). Debt and Equity Financing. In Financial Management in the Sport Industry (pp. 220–243). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429316746-9/debt-equity-financing-daniel-rascher.
- Ristyawan, M. R., Putro, U. S., & Siallagan, M. (2023). Decision making mechanism in resource based theory: A literature review, synthesis, and future research. Cogent Business & Management, 10(2), 2247217. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2247217
- Samonas, M. (2015). Financial forecasting, analysis, and modelling: a framework for long-term forecasting. John Wiley & Sons.
- Schulte, J. (2018). Company Risk Management in Light of the Sustainability Transition. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114137
- Song, Z., & Wu, S. (2023). Post financial forecasting game theory and decision making. Finance Research Letters, 58, 104288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104288
- Stulz, R. M. (2024). RISK, The Limits of Financial Risk Management, and Corporate Resilience. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w32882
- Sujith, A., Qureshi, N. I., Dornadula, V. H. R., Rath, A., Prakash, K. B., & Singh, S. K. (2022). A comparative analysis of business machine learning in making effective financial decisions using structural equation model (SEM). Journal of Food Quality, 2022(1), 6382839. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6382839
- Sweeting, P. (2017). Financial enterprise risk management. Cambridge University Press.
- Taskinsoy, J. (2020). Old and new methods of risk measurements for financial stability amid the great outbreak. Available at SSRN 3587150. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3587150
- Tavares, F., Santos, E., Vasconcelos, M. V. de, & Tavares, V. C. (2023). A Statistical Analysis of Companies’ Financing Strategies in Portugal during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 16(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16020116
- Tobisova, A., Senova, A., & Rozenberg, R. (2022). Model for sustainable financial planning and investment financing using Monte Carlo method. Sustainability, 14(14), 8785. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148785
- Wasserbacher, H., & Spindler, M. (2022). Machine learning for financial forecasting, planning and analysis: recent developments and pitfalls. Digital Finance, 4(1), 63–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42521-021-00046-2
- Yaghoubi, M., & Keefe, M. O. C. (2021). The financing of uncertain future investments. https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-02-2021-0083
- Yudha, J. O. M., Oktavia, R., & Desriani, N. (2023). The effect of foreign debt, liquidity, firm size, and exchange rate on hedging decision. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business: JIEB., 38(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.v38i2.5887
- Zhang, D., & Wellalage, N. H. (2022). Comparative analysis of environmental performance measures and their impact on firms’ financing choices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 375, 134176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134176
References
Adams, S. O., & Uchema, J. I. (2024). Nigeria Exchange Rate Volatility: A Comparative Study of Recurrent Neural Network LSTM and Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Models. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, 4(2), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.31586/jaibd.2024.983
Allioui, H., & Mourdi, Y. (2023). Exploring the full potential of IoT for better financial growth and stability: A comprehensive survey. Sensors, 23(19), 8015. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198015
Amin, Q. A., & Liu, J. (2020). Shareholders’ control rights, family ownership and the firm’s leverage decisions. International Review of Financial Analysis, 72, 101591. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101591
Askari, H., Iqbal, Z., Krichenne, N., & Mirakhor, A. (2011). The stability of Islamic finance: Creating a resilient financial environment for a secure future (Vol. 736). John Wiley & Sons.
Babar, M., & Habib, A. (2021). Product market competition in accounting, finance, and corporate governance: A review of the literature. International Review of Financial Analysis, 73, 101607. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101607
Borgonovo, E., & Plischke, E. (2016). Sensitivity analysis: A review of recent advances. European Journal of Operational Research, 248(3), 869–887. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.06.032
Bozanic, Z., Ferguson, A., & Pündrich, G. (2024). Managing Expectations Through Budgetary Slack: Evidence from Project Financing. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2024.2312177
Caldera, H. T. S., Desha, C., & Dawes, L. (2019). Evaluating the enablers and barriers for successful implementation of sustainable business practice in ‘lean’ SMEs. Journal of Cleaner Production, 218, 575–590. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.239
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., Gupta, S., Sivarajah, U., & Bag, S. (2023). Assessing the impact of big data analytics on decision-making processes, forecasting, and performance of a firm. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 196, 122824. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122824
Dyer, M. R. (2019). Financial strategies for long-term success in women-owned small businesses. Walden University. https://doi.org/10.57229/2373-1761.1393
Ferri, G., Acosta, B. A., Investing, I., Banks, A., & Ratings, E. S. G. (2019). SUSTAINABLE FINANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (1) by Giovanni Ferri and Bonnie Annette Acosta (LUMSA University, Rome – Italy). March, 1–64. https://iwfsas.org/iwfsas2019/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Sepecial-session-P2.pdf.
Fight, A. (2005). Cash flow forecasting. Elsevier.
Goodman, T. H., Neamtiu, M., Shroff, N., & White, H. D. (2014). Management Forecast Quality and Capital Investment Decisions. The Accounting Review, 89(1), 331–365. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50575
Haessler, P. (2020). Strategic decisions between short-term profit and sustainability. Administrative Sciences, 10(3), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10030063
Hoang, T. (2018). The Role of the Integrated Reporting in Raising Awareness of Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) Performance. In Stakeholders, Governance and Responsibility (Vol. 14, pp. 47–69). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2043-052320180000014003
Ievsieieva, O., Kolisnyk, M., Yatsenko, O., Chornovol, A., & Bocharova, N. (2024). Financial Modeling and Forecasting in Corporate Finance Management. Economic Affairs, 69(1), 629–646. https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2.2024.23
Iriani, N., Agustianti, A., Sucianti, R., Rahman, A., & Putera, W. (2024). Understanding Risk and Uncertainty Management: A Qualitative Inquiry into Developing Business Strategies Amidst Global Economic Shifts, Government Policies, and Market Volatility. Golden Ratio of Finance Management, 4(2), 62–77. https://doi.org/10.52970/grfm.v4i2.444
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (2019). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. In Corporate governance (pp. 77–132). Gower. https://doi.org/http://ssrn.com/abstract=94043Electroniccopyavailableat:http://ssrn.com/abstract=94043http://hupress.harvard.edu/catalog/JENTHF.html
Judijanto, L., Hairuddin, S. H., Subhan, S., & Sipayung, B. (2024). Analysis of the Effect of Risk Management and Compliance Practices on Financial Performance and Corporate Reputation in the Financial Industry in Indonesia. The Es Accounting and Finance, 2(03 SE-Articles), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.58812/esaf.v2i03.293
Khan, K. I., Qadeer, F., Mata, M. N., Chavaglia Neto, J., Sabir, Q. ul A., Martins, J. N., & Filipe, J. A. (2021). Core predictors of debt specialization: A new insight to optimal capital structure. Mathematics, 9(9), 975. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9090975
Khan, M. S., & Khan, U. (2020). Comparison of forecasting performance with VAR vs. ARIMA models using economic variables of Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics, 10(2), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajpas/2020/v10i230243
Kose, M. A., Ohnsorge, F., & Sugawara, N. (2020). Benefits and Costs of Debt: The Dose Makes the Poison. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3547372
Kuzmina, J., Maditinos, D., Norena-Chavez, D., Grima, S., & Kadłubek, M. (2023). ESG Integration as a Risk Management Tool within the Financial Decision-making Process. In S. Grima, E. Thalassinos, M. Cristea, M. Kadłubek, D. Maditinos, & L. Peiseniece (Eds.), Digital Transformation, Strategic Resilience, Cyber Security and Risk Management (Vol. 111A, pp. 105–113). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1569-37592023000111A007
Li, L., Zhou, S., Xu, W., & Dai, J. (2024). Green innovation’s impact on corporate financing: New insights from BRICS economies. Finance Research Letters, 62, 105172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.105172
Liu, X., & Loang, O. K. (2023). Analysts’ forecast optimism and cash holding: evidence from China. Finance Research Letters, 57, 104237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104237
Lu, J. (2021). Can the green merger and acquisition strategy improve the environmental protection investment of listed company? Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 86, 106470. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106470
Macchiavello, E., & Siri, M. (2022). Sustainable Finance and Fintech: Can Technology Contribute to Achieving Environmental Goals? A Preliminary Assessment of ‘Green Fintech’ and ‘Sustainable Digital Finance.’ 19(1), 128–174. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/ecfr-2022-0005
Migliorelli, M. (2021). What do we mean by sustainable finance? Assessing existing frameworks and policy risks. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020975
Mishra, S. (2018). Financial management and forecasting using business intelligence and big data analytic tools. International Journal of Financial Engineering, 5(02), 1850011. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2424786318500111
Mpofu, S., & Chasokela, D. (2025). Data-Informed Decision-Making: Using Analytics to Drive Strategic Management in Higher Education. In Building Organizational Capacity and Strategic Management in Academia (pp. 103–138). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6967-8.ch004
Mun, J. (2006). Modeling risk: Applying Monte Carlo simulation, real options analysis, forecasting, and optimization techniques (Vol. 347). John Wiley & Sons.
Munier, N., Hontoria, E., & Jiménez-Sáez, F. (2019). Strategic approach in multi-criteria decision making (Vol. 275). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44453-1
Myers, S. C. (2003). Chapter 4 - Financing of Corporations. In G. M. Constantinides, M. Harris, & R. M. B. T.-H. of the E. of F. Stulz (Eds.), Corporate Finance (Vol. 1, pp. 215–253). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01008-2
Nukala, V. B., & Prasada Rao, S. S. (2021). Role of debt-to-equity ratio in project investment valuation, assessing risk and return in capital markets. Future Business Journal, 7(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-021-00058-9
Rao, A., & Hossain, M. R. (2024). The future of finance: Artificial intelligence’s influence on behavioral investment decisions. In Leveraging AI and Emotional Intelligence in Contemporary Business Organizations (pp. 166–186). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1902-4.ch010
Rascher, D. A. (2021). Debt and Equity Financing. In Financial Management in the Sport Industry (pp. 220–243). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429316746-9/debt-equity-financing-daniel-rascher.
Ristyawan, M. R., Putro, U. S., & Siallagan, M. (2023). Decision making mechanism in resource based theory: A literature review, synthesis, and future research. Cogent Business & Management, 10(2), 2247217. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2247217
Samonas, M. (2015). Financial forecasting, analysis, and modelling: a framework for long-term forecasting. John Wiley & Sons.
Schulte, J. (2018). Company Risk Management in Light of the Sustainability Transition. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114137
Song, Z., & Wu, S. (2023). Post financial forecasting game theory and decision making. Finance Research Letters, 58, 104288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104288
Stulz, R. M. (2024). RISK, The Limits of Financial Risk Management, and Corporate Resilience. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w32882
Sujith, A., Qureshi, N. I., Dornadula, V. H. R., Rath, A., Prakash, K. B., & Singh, S. K. (2022). A comparative analysis of business machine learning in making effective financial decisions using structural equation model (SEM). Journal of Food Quality, 2022(1), 6382839. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6382839
Sweeting, P. (2017). Financial enterprise risk management. Cambridge University Press.
Taskinsoy, J. (2020). Old and new methods of risk measurements for financial stability amid the great outbreak. Available at SSRN 3587150. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3587150
Tavares, F., Santos, E., Vasconcelos, M. V. de, & Tavares, V. C. (2023). A Statistical Analysis of Companies’ Financing Strategies in Portugal during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 16(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16020116
Tobisova, A., Senova, A., & Rozenberg, R. (2022). Model for sustainable financial planning and investment financing using Monte Carlo method. Sustainability, 14(14), 8785. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148785
Wasserbacher, H., & Spindler, M. (2022). Machine learning for financial forecasting, planning and analysis: recent developments and pitfalls. Digital Finance, 4(1), 63–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42521-021-00046-2
Yaghoubi, M., & Keefe, M. O. C. (2021). The financing of uncertain future investments. https://doi.org/10.1108/sef-02-2021-0083
Yudha, J. O. M., Oktavia, R., & Desriani, N. (2023). The effect of foreign debt, liquidity, firm size, and exchange rate on hedging decision. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business: JIEB., 38(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.v38i2.5887
Zhang, D., & Wellalage, N. H. (2022). Comparative analysis of environmental performance measures and their impact on firms’ financing choices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 375, 134176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134176