Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study seeks to understand how work flexibility and social support can help employees effectively balance professional demands and personal life.
Research Method: This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, documentation, and distribution of questionnaires to all employees. Data analysis is performed using multiple linear regression to test relationships among variables, with partial (t-tests) and simultaneous (F-tests) tests used for hypothesis testing.
Results and Discussion: The results show that Flexible Work and Social Support have a positive and significant effect on Work-Life Balance, both partially and simultaneously. This confirms that work flexibility and adequate social support can reduce work stress, improve emotional well-being, and strengthen employees' attachment to the organization.
Implications: This study emphasizes the importance of implementing flexible work policies and a supportive work culture as human resource management strategies to improve job satisfaction and organizational sustainability.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- Afriyani, F., Marlina, J. S. M., Yakin, I., & Putrie, R. A. (2024). Pengaruh Interaksi Sosial dan Social Support terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Kepuasan Kerja sebagai Moderasi. El-Mal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam, 5(7).
 - Alfina, I., & Najwa, S. S. (2024). Hubungan Work Life Balance dengan Flexible Work Arrangement pada Ibu Bekerja. Indonesian Journal of Psychological Studies, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.30650/ijps.vi.4068
 - Asropi, A., Silitonga, M. S., & Indriyani, D. (2022). How can I Connect? the Link between Flexible Work Arrangements and Inter-organizational Networks (Case study: Indonesian Civil Service). Jurnal Borneo Administrator, 18(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v18i1.1011
 - Boccoli, G., Tims, M., Gastaldi, L., & Corso, M. (2024). The psychological experience of flexibility in the workplace: How psychological job control and boundary control profiles relate to the wellbeing of flexible workers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 155, 104059. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2024.104059
 - Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
 - Dudija, N., Putri, R. K., & Kamila, F. N. (2023). Discovering Flexible Working Arrangement Implementation among Indonesian Workers at Digital Sector: The Mediation Role of Work Life Balance. International Conference on Sustainable Collaboration in Business, Technology, Information, and Innovation (SCBTII 2023), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-292-7_11
 - Dwitanti, E., Murwani, F. D., & Siswanto, E. (2025). The Effect Of Work-Life Balance On Employee Performance Through Work Stress and Workload. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 4(2 SE-), 569–586. https://doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v4i2.211
 - Garmendia, P., Fernández-Salinero, S., Holgueras González, A. I., & Topa, G. (2023). Social support and its impact on job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(12), 2827–2840. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13120195
 - Gašić, D., Berber, N., Slavić, A., Strugar Jelača, M., Marić, S., Bjekić, R., & Aleksić, M. (2024). The key role of employee commitment in the relationship between flexible work arrangements and employee behavior. Sustainability, 16(22), 10067. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210067
 - Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 (Edisi 9). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
 - Hartanto, O. (2024). Exploring Comprehensive Approaches to Employee Health and Happiness. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 2(1 SE-Articles), 50–62. https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v2i1.246
 - Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513.
 - Indra, F. J., & Rialmi, Z. (2022). Pengaruh Work-Life Balance, Burnout, dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan (Studi Kasus Pada Karyawan PT Meka Eduversity Komunikasi). Jurnal Madani: Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, Dan Humaniora, 5(2), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.33753/madani.v5i2.223
 - Jessica, N., Afifah, N., Daud, I., & Pebrianti, W. (2023). The effect of work environment and work-life balance on job satisfaction: work stress as a mediator. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 29(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2023/v29i11074
 - Jolly, P. M., Kong, D. T., & Kim, K. Y. (2021). Social support at work: An integrative review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(2), 229–251. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2485
 - Jung, J. H., Ang, S., & Choi, G. (2025). Social Support in the Workplace, Praying for Others, and Job Satisfaction. Review of Religious Research, 67(1), 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X241288808
 - Kurtuluş, E., Kurtuluş, H. Y., Birel, S., & Batmaz, H. (2023). The effect of social support on work-life balance: The role of psychological well-being. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 10(1), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.1152323
 - Maharani, R., & Haeba Ramli, A. (2024). The Roles of Family-Supportive Supervisor Behaviour, Work-Life Balance, Job Satisfaction, Motivation, and Job Performance Among Married Private Employees. Journal of HRM, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.46287/PKYK4429
 - Miqdarsah, M., & Indradewa, R. (2024). The effect of flexible working arrangements and digital workplace on employee loyalty with employee satisfaction as mediation. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 27(2), 255–280. https://doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v27i2.11555
 - Monintja, A. J., & Trang, I. (2024). Pengaruh Sindrom Kelelahan, Dukungan Sosial, dan Keseimbangan Kehidupan Kerja Terhadap Produktivitas Karyawan Pada PT. Uphus Khamang Indonesia. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 12(01), 1052–1063. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v12i01.54658
 - Murfat, M. Z., Mohamad, M., Nasir, M., & Murfat, M. Z. (2025). Effectiveness of Recruitment Policies in Attracting and Retaining Qualified Talent in the Company. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 3(1), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v3i1.421
 - Ng, P. M. L., Lit, K. K., & Cheung, C. T. Y. (2022). Remote work as a new normal? The technology-organization-environment (TOE) context. Technology in Society, 70, 102022. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102022
 - Nurfauzi, M. R. (2024). Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial dan Flexible Work Arrangement terhadap Deviant Workplace Behaviour dengan Work Life Balance sebagai Variabel Mediasi (Studi Kasus pada Karyawan Startup di Yogyakarta). Universitas Islam Indonesia. dspace.uii.ac.id/123456789/49521
 - Nurhabiba, M. (2020). Social support terhadap work-life balance pada karyawan. Cognicia, 8(2), 277–295. https://doi.org/10.22219/cognicia.v8i2.13532
 - Nurlaeni, A., & Winarno, S. H. (2023). Jurnal Pengaruh Flexible Working dan Disiplin Kerja Terhadap Work Life Balance Pada Kaum Milenial. Ekonomi Dan Bisnis (EKOBIS) 45, 2(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.56912/ekobis45.v2i1.32
 - Okojie, G., Alam, A. S. A. F., Begum, H., Ismail, I. R., & Sadik-Zada, E. R. (2024). Social support as a mediator between selected trait engagement and employee engagement. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 101080. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101080
 - Patterer, A. S., Yanagida, T., Kühnel, J., & Korunka, C. (2023). Daily receiving and providing of social support at work: identifying support exchange patterns in hierarchical data. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 32(4), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2023.2177537
 - Pensar, H., & Rousi, R. (2023). The resources to balance – Exploring remote employees’ work-life balance through the lens of conservation of resources. Cogent Business & Management, 10(2), 2232592. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2232592
 - Puspitasari, I. H. (2020). Pengaruh dimensi work-life balance terhadap kinerja karyawan melalui kepuasan kerja pada PT. Garam (Persero). Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen (JIM), 8(2), 454–463. https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jim/article/view/31899
 - Ramadhan, R., Jamaludin, A., & Nandang, N. (2024). Dampak Work Life Balance Dan Konflik Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Puskesmas Cikampek. Journal of Economic, Bussines and Accounting (COSTING), 7(5), 1566–1577. https://doi.org/10.31539/costing.v7i5.11928
 - Ritawaty, N., Umairah, S., Hadziq, K., Sitorus, F., & Tarigan, S. E. (2024). Analisis Studi Literatur Tantangan Penerapan Flexible Working. Jurnal Syntax Admiration, 5(6), 2162–2171. https://doi.org/10.46799/jsa.v5i6.1226
 - Rosyadi, H. I. (2021). Pengaruh Flexible Working Arrangements dan Social Support Terhadap Komitmen Organisasi Dengan Work Life Balance Sebagai Variabel Mediasi Pada Pekerja Bidang Ekonomi Kreatif Perusahaan Advertising Agency di Wilayah DKI Jakarta. Universitas Mercu Buana Jakarta. http://repository.mercubuana.ac.id/id/eprint/81694
 - Saputro, A. D. (2024). Pengaruh Information Communication Technology Resources, Perceived Organizational Support Terhadap Job Satisfaction: Dengan Work Life Balance, Studi Pada Btn Syariah Wilayah 6. STIE Bank BPD Jateng. http://eprints.stiebankbpdjateng.ac.id/id/eprint/2019
 - Sofyan, P., & Elmi, F. (2024). Pengaruh Fleksibilitas Kerja dan Work Life Balance dengan Pelatihan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Moderasi terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Konsultan di DKI Jakarta. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen, Dan Perencanaan Kebijakan, 2(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.47134/jampk.v2i1.416
 - Susanto, P., Hoque, M. E., Jannat, T., Emely, B., Zona, M. A., & Islam, M. A. (2022). Work-life balance, job satisfaction, and job performance of SMEs employees: The moderating role of family-supportive supervisor behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 906876. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906876
 - Triyanto, A., Abduh, H., Warto, W., & Firdaus, V. (2024). Pengaruh Fleksibilitas Kerja terhadap Keseimbangan Hidup dan Komitmen Generasi Milenial serta Gen Z. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 8(3), 3049–3056.
 - van Engen, M., & Gartzia, L. (2024). Chapter 9: Leadership, social support, and work-life balance of employees (pp. 69–78). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803922348.00019
 - Waworuntu, E. C., Kainde, S. J. R., & Mandagi, D. W. (2022). Work-life balance, job satisfaction and performance among millennial and Gen Z employees: a systematic review. Society, 10(2), 384–398. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v10i2.464
 - Wijayati, S., & Pusparini, E. S. (2024). Pengaruh flexible working arrangements, supervisor support dan job crafting terhadap innovative behavior pekerja sektor ekonomi kreatif. Jurnal Samudra Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 15(1), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.33059/jseb.v15i1.7760
 - Yadav, P., & Bagri, K. (2025). Flexible work culture: prospects and trends through a bibliometric and systematic review. IIM Ranchi Journal of Management Studies, 4(2), 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1108/IRJMS-10-2024-0126
 - Yussa, A. I. (2024). Pengaruh Flexible Working arrangement terhadap emplote performance dengan work life balance sebagai variabel intervening pada pegawai kantor sekretariat DPRD Provinsi Jambi. Manajemen.
 
References
Afriyani, F., Marlina, J. S. M., Yakin, I., & Putrie, R. A. (2024). Pengaruh Interaksi Sosial dan Social Support terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Kepuasan Kerja sebagai Moderasi. El-Mal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam, 5(7).
Alfina, I., & Najwa, S. S. (2024). Hubungan Work Life Balance dengan Flexible Work Arrangement pada Ibu Bekerja. Indonesian Journal of Psychological Studies, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.30650/ijps.vi.4068
Asropi, A., Silitonga, M. S., & Indriyani, D. (2022). How can I Connect? the Link between Flexible Work Arrangements and Inter-organizational Networks (Case study: Indonesian Civil Service). Jurnal Borneo Administrator, 18(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v18i1.1011
Boccoli, G., Tims, M., Gastaldi, L., & Corso, M. (2024). The psychological experience of flexibility in the workplace: How psychological job control and boundary control profiles relate to the wellbeing of flexible workers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 155, 104059. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2024.104059
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Dudija, N., Putri, R. K., & Kamila, F. N. (2023). Discovering Flexible Working Arrangement Implementation among Indonesian Workers at Digital Sector: The Mediation Role of Work Life Balance. International Conference on Sustainable Collaboration in Business, Technology, Information, and Innovation (SCBTII 2023), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-292-7_11
Dwitanti, E., Murwani, F. D., & Siswanto, E. (2025). The Effect Of Work-Life Balance On Employee Performance Through Work Stress and Workload. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 4(2 SE-), 569–586. https://doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v4i2.211
Garmendia, P., Fernández-Salinero, S., Holgueras González, A. I., & Topa, G. (2023). Social support and its impact on job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(12), 2827–2840. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13120195
Gašić, D., Berber, N., Slavić, A., Strugar Jelača, M., Marić, S., Bjekić, R., & Aleksić, M. (2024). The key role of employee commitment in the relationship between flexible work arrangements and employee behavior. Sustainability, 16(22), 10067. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210067
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 (Edisi 9). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Hartanto, O. (2024). Exploring Comprehensive Approaches to Employee Health and Happiness. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 2(1 SE-Articles), 50–62. https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v2i1.246
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513.
Indra, F. J., & Rialmi, Z. (2022). Pengaruh Work-Life Balance, Burnout, dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan (Studi Kasus Pada Karyawan PT Meka Eduversity Komunikasi). Jurnal Madani: Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, Dan Humaniora, 5(2), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.33753/madani.v5i2.223
Jessica, N., Afifah, N., Daud, I., & Pebrianti, W. (2023). The effect of work environment and work-life balance on job satisfaction: work stress as a mediator. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 29(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2023/v29i11074
Jolly, P. M., Kong, D. T., & Kim, K. Y. (2021). Social support at work: An integrative review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(2), 229–251. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2485
Jung, J. H., Ang, S., & Choi, G. (2025). Social Support in the Workplace, Praying for Others, and Job Satisfaction. Review of Religious Research, 67(1), 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X241288808
Kurtuluş, E., Kurtuluş, H. Y., Birel, S., & Batmaz, H. (2023). The effect of social support on work-life balance: The role of psychological well-being. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 10(1), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.1152323
Maharani, R., & Haeba Ramli, A. (2024). The Roles of Family-Supportive Supervisor Behaviour, Work-Life Balance, Job Satisfaction, Motivation, and Job Performance Among Married Private Employees. Journal of HRM, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.46287/PKYK4429
Miqdarsah, M., & Indradewa, R. (2024). The effect of flexible working arrangements and digital workplace on employee loyalty with employee satisfaction as mediation. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 27(2), 255–280. https://doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v27i2.11555
Monintja, A. J., & Trang, I. (2024). Pengaruh Sindrom Kelelahan, Dukungan Sosial, dan Keseimbangan Kehidupan Kerja Terhadap Produktivitas Karyawan Pada PT. Uphus Khamang Indonesia. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 12(01), 1052–1063. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v12i01.54658
Murfat, M. Z., Mohamad, M., Nasir, M., & Murfat, M. Z. (2025). Effectiveness of Recruitment Policies in Attracting and Retaining Qualified Talent in the Company. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 3(1), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v3i1.421
Ng, P. M. L., Lit, K. K., & Cheung, C. T. Y. (2022). Remote work as a new normal? The technology-organization-environment (TOE) context. Technology in Society, 70, 102022. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102022
Nurfauzi, M. R. (2024). Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial dan Flexible Work Arrangement terhadap Deviant Workplace Behaviour dengan Work Life Balance sebagai Variabel Mediasi (Studi Kasus pada Karyawan Startup di Yogyakarta). Universitas Islam Indonesia. dspace.uii.ac.id/123456789/49521
Nurhabiba, M. (2020). Social support terhadap work-life balance pada karyawan. Cognicia, 8(2), 277–295. https://doi.org/10.22219/cognicia.v8i2.13532
Nurlaeni, A., & Winarno, S. H. (2023). Jurnal Pengaruh Flexible Working dan Disiplin Kerja Terhadap Work Life Balance Pada Kaum Milenial. Ekonomi Dan Bisnis (EKOBIS) 45, 2(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.56912/ekobis45.v2i1.32
Okojie, G., Alam, A. S. A. F., Begum, H., Ismail, I. R., & Sadik-Zada, E. R. (2024). Social support as a mediator between selected trait engagement and employee engagement. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 101080. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101080
Patterer, A. S., Yanagida, T., Kühnel, J., & Korunka, C. (2023). Daily receiving and providing of social support at work: identifying support exchange patterns in hierarchical data. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 32(4), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2023.2177537
Pensar, H., & Rousi, R. (2023). The resources to balance – Exploring remote employees’ work-life balance through the lens of conservation of resources. Cogent Business & Management, 10(2), 2232592. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2232592
Puspitasari, I. H. (2020). Pengaruh dimensi work-life balance terhadap kinerja karyawan melalui kepuasan kerja pada PT. Garam (Persero). Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen (JIM), 8(2), 454–463. https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jim/article/view/31899
Ramadhan, R., Jamaludin, A., & Nandang, N. (2024). Dampak Work Life Balance Dan Konflik Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Puskesmas Cikampek. Journal of Economic, Bussines and Accounting (COSTING), 7(5), 1566–1577. https://doi.org/10.31539/costing.v7i5.11928
Ritawaty, N., Umairah, S., Hadziq, K., Sitorus, F., & Tarigan, S. E. (2024). Analisis Studi Literatur Tantangan Penerapan Flexible Working. Jurnal Syntax Admiration, 5(6), 2162–2171. https://doi.org/10.46799/jsa.v5i6.1226
Rosyadi, H. I. (2021). Pengaruh Flexible Working Arrangements dan Social Support Terhadap Komitmen Organisasi Dengan Work Life Balance Sebagai Variabel Mediasi Pada Pekerja Bidang Ekonomi Kreatif Perusahaan Advertising Agency di Wilayah DKI Jakarta. Universitas Mercu Buana Jakarta. http://repository.mercubuana.ac.id/id/eprint/81694
Saputro, A. D. (2024). Pengaruh Information Communication Technology Resources, Perceived Organizational Support Terhadap Job Satisfaction: Dengan Work Life Balance, Studi Pada Btn Syariah Wilayah 6. STIE Bank BPD Jateng. http://eprints.stiebankbpdjateng.ac.id/id/eprint/2019
Sofyan, P., & Elmi, F. (2024). Pengaruh Fleksibilitas Kerja dan Work Life Balance dengan Pelatihan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Moderasi terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Konsultan di DKI Jakarta. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen, Dan Perencanaan Kebijakan, 2(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.47134/jampk.v2i1.416
Susanto, P., Hoque, M. E., Jannat, T., Emely, B., Zona, M. A., & Islam, M. A. (2022). Work-life balance, job satisfaction, and job performance of SMEs employees: The moderating role of family-supportive supervisor behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 906876. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906876
Triyanto, A., Abduh, H., Warto, W., & Firdaus, V. (2024). Pengaruh Fleksibilitas Kerja terhadap Keseimbangan Hidup dan Komitmen Generasi Milenial serta Gen Z. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 8(3), 3049–3056.
van Engen, M., & Gartzia, L. (2024). Chapter 9: Leadership, social support, and work-life balance of employees (pp. 69–78). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803922348.00019
Waworuntu, E. C., Kainde, S. J. R., & Mandagi, D. W. (2022). Work-life balance, job satisfaction and performance among millennial and Gen Z employees: a systematic review. Society, 10(2), 384–398. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v10i2.464
Wijayati, S., & Pusparini, E. S. (2024). Pengaruh flexible working arrangements, supervisor support dan job crafting terhadap innovative behavior pekerja sektor ekonomi kreatif. Jurnal Samudra Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 15(1), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.33059/jseb.v15i1.7760
Yadav, P., & Bagri, K. (2025). Flexible work culture: prospects and trends through a bibliometric and systematic review. IIM Ranchi Journal of Management Studies, 4(2), 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1108/IRJMS-10-2024-0126
Yussa, A. I. (2024). Pengaruh Flexible Working arrangement terhadap emplote performance dengan work life balance sebagai variabel intervening pada pegawai kantor sekretariat DPRD Provinsi Jambi. Manajemen.