Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This research examines the challenges and opportunities of e-commerce taxation in the digital economy, focusing on the need for innovative tax policies and technological advances.
Research Design and Methodology: The research design involves a comprehensive literature review to analyze critical issues such as tax jurisdiction, valuation of digital goods, regulatory arbitrage, and applying digital services taxes (DSTs). The methodology synthesizes findings from academic articles, reports, and policy documents to provide a deep understanding of the complexities that surround e-commerce taxation.
Findings and Discussion: The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of international cooperation, technological innovation, and well-designed tax measures in dealing with the challenges posed by the digital economy. Discussions focused on the significance of tax policy harmonization, leveraging digital solutions such as e-invoicing and real-time reporting, and applying DST to capture tax revenues from digital businesses.
Implications: The implications of this research emphasize the need for an adaptive and collaborative approach to e-commerce taxation, highlighting the roles of policymakers, tax authorities, and researchers in developing a practical tax framework that supports sustainable economic growth in the digital age.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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- Siliafis, G. (2008). Adapting traditional tax concepts to the e-commerce environment. Journal of Internet Law, 12(5), 3-14.
- Terada-Hagiwara, A. (2019). Global solutions to address tax base erosion and profit shifting: What is the way forward? Asian Development Bank Institute. https://doi.org/10.22617/WPS190032-2
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- Zainal, N. (2015). Challenges in tax collection and administration: The case of developing countries. Journal of Developing Areas, 49(6), 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2015.0109
- Zeng, S. X. (2012). Challenges and strategies of e-commerce taxation: A case study of China. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 15(4), 24-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2012.738839
References
Alm, J., Bloomquist, K. M., & McKee, M. (2020). Big data and artificial intelligence: New tax administration tools? National Tax Journal, 73(3), 633–658. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2020.3.05
Alm, J., Bloomquist, K. M., & McKee, M. (2020). Using big data to estimate tax noncompliance: The case of federal payroll taxes. National Tax Journal, 73(3), 765-796. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2020.3.07
Atkinson, A., Charron, N., & Joel, M. (2020). The Impact of Digital Sales Taxes: Evidence from eBay Listings. National Tax Journal, 73(3), 631–658.
Atkinson, A., Chou, S., & Munnell, A. H. (2020). Assessing the impact of digital sales taxes. Tax Policy and the Economy, 34(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1086/711267
Australian Taxation Office. (2022). GST on low-value imported goods. https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/GST/In-detail/International-transactions/GST-on-low-value-imported-goods/
Avi-Yonah, R. S. (2017). Digital tax. Tax Law Review, 71(2), 259–318. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2980382
Avi-Yonah, R. S. (2017). Globalization, Tax Competition, and the Fiscal Crisis of the Welfare State. Harvard Law Review, 131(2), 456–527.
Avi-Yonah, R. S., & Clausing, K. A. (2018). Reforming corporate taxation in a global economy: A proposal to adopt formulary apportionment. Tax Law Review, 71(2), 331–389. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3031003
Baldwin, R., & Wyplosz, C. (2021). Economics of European Integration. McGraw-Hill Education.
Baldwin, R., & Wyplosz, C. (2021). Economics of taxation in a digital world. CEPR Press. https://www.cepr.org/active/publications/books/economics-taxation-digital-world
Baldwin, R., & Wyplosz, C. (2021). Economics of taxation: Principles, policy, and practice. McGraw-Hill Education.
Bunn, J., Ellul, A., & Shrader, J. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on firm performance and management practices: The case of small and medium enterprises. Journal of Financial Economics, 140(1), 228-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2020.06.028
Clausing, K. A. (2019). Profit shifting before and after the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. National Tax Journal, 72(4), 683–728. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2019.4.01
Clausing, K. A. (2019). The Games They Will Play: Tax Games, Roadblocks, and Glitches Under the 2017 Tax Legislation. National Tax Journal, 72(2), 279–316.
Clausing, K. A. (2019). The progressive case for a VAT. Tax Law Review, 72(4), 521-570. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3413033
Deloitte. (2022). Tax Administration 3.0: An Era of Disruption and Innovation. Deloitte.
Deloitte. (2022). Taxation and the digital economy. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/tax/articles/digital-taxation.html
Deloitte. (2023). Global digital services tax: Challenges and opportunities. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/tax/articles/global-digital-services-tax-challenges-and-opportunities.html
Devereux, M. P., Griffith, R., & Klemm, A. (2019). How does corporate taxation affect multinational activity? Journal of Public Economics, 168, 28–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.09.009
Eden, L., & Teece, D. (2020). Multinational Corporations and the Changing Global Political Economy. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(9), 1467–1484. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00375-8
Eden, L., & Teece, D. J. (2020). Multinational corporations and international tax avoidance: Improving governance through CSR. California Management Review, 62(3), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125620913398
Eden, L., & Teece, D. J. (2020). Multinational enterprises, global value chains, and taxation. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(6), 847–869. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00300-5
European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a Council Directive on the Common System of a Digital Services Tax on Revenues Resulting from the Provision of Certain Digital Services. European Commission.
European Commission. (2021). Taxation trends in the European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/sites/taxation/files/2021_taxation_trends_report.pdf
European Commission. (2022). Taxation of the digital economy. https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/company-tax/fair-taxation-digital-economy_en
European Commission. (2022). Taxation trends in the European Union: 2022 edition. European Union Publications Office. https://doi.org/10.2778/802500
European Commission. (2023). Digital levy. https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/company-tax/fair-taxation-digital-economy/digital-levy_en
EY. (2022). Blockchain in tax administration. Ernst & Young LLP.
EY. (2022). Cryptocurrency taxation. https://www.ey.com/en_gl/tax/developments-in-cryptocurrency-taxation
EY. (2023). Blockchain and tax administration. https://www.ey.com/en_gl/tax/2021/12/blockchain-and-tax-administration
Goolsbee, A. (2018). The Value of Intangible Property in the Global Economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(2), 173–196. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.32.2.173
Goolsbee, A. H. (2018). The value of information in online advertising markets. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25176
Goolsbee, A., & Zittrain, J. (2022). The case for digital services taxes. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w28755
HM Treasury. (2021). Digital services tax. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/digital-services-tax/digital-services-tax
IMF. (2022). Tax administration in sub-Saharan Africa: Building capacity for the digital age. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Departmental-Papers-Policy- Papers/Issues/2022/05/27/Tax-Administration-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-Building-Capacity-for-the-Digital-Age-500151
IMF. (2023). Digitalization and taxation: Opportunities and challenges. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2023/04/29/Digitalization-and-Taxation-Opportunities-and-Challenges-51068
IMF. (2023). Strengthening Tax Capacity in Developing Countries: Priorities for Action. IMF.
Jones, R. (2023). E-commerce taxation: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 37(4), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.37.4.135
Kofler, M., Mayr, E., & Schindler, N. (2022). Artificial intelligence in tax administration: Applications, challenges, and opportunities. AI & Society, 37(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01012-9
Kofler, P., Tait, A. A., & Evans, C. (2022). Harnessing the power of AI in tax administration. World Bank Group. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1940-9
KPMG. (2021). Estonia’s e-residency program: A digital success story. https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2021/08/estonias-e-residency-program-a-digital-success-story.html
KPMG. (2021). Estonia’s E-Residency: A New Digital Era in Business. KPMG.
KPMG. (2023). Digital transformation in tax administration. https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2023/03/digital-transformation-in-tax-administration.html
Li, H., Liang, Y., & Liu, H. (2023). The impact of digital services taxes on tax revenues and economic welfare: Evidence from global jurisdictions. Journal of Public Economics, 207, 104487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104487
Li, S., Sun, Q., & Zhang, R. (2023). The impact of digital services taxes on firm behavior: Evidence from France. Journal of Accounting Research, 61(2), 297-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12355
Li, X., Xu, Z., & Wang, Y. (2023). Assessing the Impact of Digital Services Taxes on Cross-Border E-commerce: A Comparative Study. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 194, 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.09.021
OECD. (2020). Addressing the tax challenges arising from the digitalization of the economy: Policy note by the secretariat. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/0511c265-en
OECD. (2020). Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalisation: Report on Pillar One Blueprint. OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2020). Tax challenges arising from digitalisation: Report on Pillar One blueprint. https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/tax-challenges-arising-from-digitalisation-report-on-pillar-one-blueprint-75a15b01-en.htm
OECD. (2021). Enhancing Tax Compliance through Technology: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of Taxpayer Behaviour. OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2021). Tax administration 2021: Comparative information on OECD and other advanced and emerging economies. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/130e4d27-en
OECD. (2021). Taxing rights: Pillar One. https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/taxing-rights-pillar-one-75a52f04-en.htm
OECD. (2022). Taxation of the digital economy: An overview of policy and economic issues. https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/taxation-of-the-digital-economy-overview-of-policy-and-economic-issues-0faa8cc1-en.htm
Picciotto, S. (2019). Global Tax Governance in the Age of Digital Platforms: A Role for Human Rights Principles? Journal of International Taxation, 30(5), 32–38.
PwC. (2022). Digital services taxes: A global overview. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/tax/digital-tax/digital-tax-summaries.html
PwC. (2022). Taxing the Digital Economy: Challenges and Opportunities. PwC.
PwC. (2023). Tax and the digital economy: A global perspective. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/tax/digital-tax/tax-and-the-d
Siliafis, G. (2008). Adapting traditional tax concepts to the e-commerce environment. Journal of Internet Law, 12(5), 3-14.
Terada-Hagiwara, A. (2019). Global solutions to address tax base erosion and profit shifting: What is the way forward? Asian Development Bank Institute. https://doi.org/10.22617/WPS190032-2
USTR. (2021). 2021 Special 301 Report. Office of the United States Trade Representative.
World Bank. (2022). Digital Taxation: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries. World Bank.
Zainal, N. (2015). Challenges in tax collection and administration: The case of developing countries. Journal of Developing Areas, 49(6), 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2015.0109
Zeng, S. X. (2012). Challenges and strategies of e-commerce taxation: A case study of China. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 15(4), 24-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2012.738839