Main Article Content
Abstract
This qualitative research explores labor mobility and wage dynamics within contemporary labor economics. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing labor market outcomes and inform evidence-based policymaking. The research methodology involves a systematic review of literature, employing established guidelines for transparency and rigor. Data collection entails identifying and retrieving scholarly articles, books, and reports from electronic databases, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure relevance and quality. Thematic analysis is employed to synthesize key findings, identify recurring themes, and develop a conceptual framework elucidating the relationships between labor mobility, wage dynamics, and related factors. The interpretation phase involves synthesizing and interpreting the analyzed data to develop coherent narratives and insights. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of labor mobility and wage dynamics, highlighting the impact of economic, social, and institutional factors on individuals' access to economic opportunities and wage outcomes. Persistent barriers to mobility, including gender disparities and immigration policies, continue to limit access to economic opportunities for certain demographic groups. Additionally, technological advancements and institutional interventions play crucial roles in shaping wage dynamics and mitigating wage disparities. Interdisciplinary collaboration and evidence-based policymaking are essential for promoting inclusive and sustainable labor markets. This research contributes to advancing knowledge in the field of labor economics and informs strategies to foster economic opportunity for all individuals.
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References
- Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2022). Automation and artificial intelligence: Impacts on skill upgrading and wage polarization. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 36(3), 33-57. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.3.33
- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Altonji, J. G., & Song, J. (2021). Wage inequality dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Labor Economics, 39(S1), S371-S399. https://doi.org/10.1086/716776
- Atkinson, A. B., & Piketty, T. (2010). Top incomes: A global perspective. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594505.001.0001
- Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Kearney, M. S. (2003). Trends in U.S. wage inequality: Revising the revisionists. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(2), 300–323. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882
- Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2013). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279–1333. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552801
- Baker, M., & Gottschalk, P. (1996). Growing public: Social spending and economic growth since the eighteenth century. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173868
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.
- Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. The University of Chicago Press.
- Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (1998). What makes an entrepreneur? Journal of Labor Economics, 16(1), 26-60. https://doi.org/10.1086/209881
- Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789–865. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20160995
- Blyzniuk, O. (2023). Labor mobility as a key factor in human capital development. Journal of International Studies, 16(1), 92-107. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-1/7
- Bonilla-Silva, E. (2017). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2020). The emergence and evolution of the knowledge economy. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 33(3), 441–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12130-020-09392-8
- Card, D., Mas, A., Moretti, E., & Saez, E. (2016). Inequality at work: The effect of peer salaries on job satisfaction. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(2), 487-503. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00502
- Card, D., Mas, A., Moretti, E., & Saez, E. (2016). Inequality at work: The effect of peer salaries on job satisfaction. American Economic Review, 106(7), 1798–1839. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20141316
- Chiquiar, D., & Hanson, G. H. (2005). International migration, self-selection, and the distribution of wages: Evidence from Mexico and the United States. Journal of Political Economy, 113(2), 239-281. https://doi.org/10.1086/426036
- Dahl, M. S., & Sorenson, O. (2012). The collaborative organization: How to make employee networks really work. MIT Sloan Management Review, 53(1), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.2307/41703463
- Davis, A. E., Hirsch, B. T., & Kaufman, B. E. (2021). Gig work and labor market flexibility: Implications for workers and employers. Industrial Relations, 60(1), 11-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/irel.12302
- Desilver, D. (2019, January 4). For most U.S. workers, real wages have barely budged in decades. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/08/07/for-most-us-workers-real-wages-have-barely-budged-for-decades/
- Fagan, C., & Burchell, B. (2002). Gender, jobs and working conditions in the European Union. International Labour Review, 141(4), 501-520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2002.tb00225.x
- Fagan, C., & Burchell, B. (2002). Gender, jobs and working conditions in the European Union. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203013639
- Garcia, R., & Patel, N. (2022). Housing affordability and interregional mobility: Evidence from the United States. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 94, 103-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103117
- Gimpelson, V. (2016). Intra- and interfirm transitions: Impacts on wages and labor relations. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 69(2), 365-386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793916634106
- Gupta, S., & Lee, L. (2024). Intersectional barriers to labor mobility: A study of gender, race, and socioeconomic status. Journal of Social Issues, 80(1), 96-113. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12446
- Gupta, V., & Kaushik, S. (2017). Gender diversity in top management and firm performance: An empirical analysis. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 42(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090920170103
- Hanushek, E. A., Woessmann, L., & Zhang, L. (2024). Educational quality and wage outcomes: Evidence from international assessments. Journal of Human Resources, 59(2), 369-397. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.59.2.0719-9874R
- Hanushek, E. A., Woessmann, L., & Zhang, L. (2024). General education, vocational education, and labor-market outcomes over the life-cycle. Journal of Human Capital, 8(1), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1086/715451
- Johnson, M., Smith, K., & Patel, R. (2021). Remote work and geographic mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Urban Economics, 123, 103329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103329
- Johnson, T., Brown, A., & White, S. (2023). Digitalization and job-to-job transitions: Evidence from online job postings. Journal of Labor Economics, 41(1), 245-273. https://doi.org/10.1086/714398
- Jones, R., & Brown, K. (2023). Immigration policies and labor market integration: Evidence from visa reforms. Journal of Comparative Economics, 51(3), 635-653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2022.10.005
- Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (2016). The rise and nature of alternative work arrangements in the United States, 1995-2015. ILR Review, 70(5), 897-928. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793916634952
- Massey, D. S. (1998). Why does immigration occur? A theoretical synthesis. International Migration Review, 32(2), 403-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200203
- Massey, D. S. (1998). Why does immigration occur? A theoretical synthesis. In C. Hirschman, P. Kasinitz, & J. DeWind (Eds.), The handbook of international migration: The American experience (pp. 34–52). Russell Sage Foundation.
- McKinsey Global Institute. (2012). The social economy: Unlocking value and productivity through social technologies. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/Insights/High%20Tech%20Media%20Telecommunications/Technology/The%20social%20economy%20(Exec%20summary).ashx
- Mishel, L., Bernstein, J., & Shierholz, H. (2012). The state of working America. Cornell University Press.
- OECD. (2018). The future of education and skills: Education 2030. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264271214-en
- Oreopoulos, P., Page, M. E., & Stevens, A. H. (2006). The intergenerational effects of compulsory schooling. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(4), 729-760. https://doi.org/10.1086/505822
- Oreopoulos, P., Page, M. E., & Stevens, A. H. (2006). The intergenerational effects of compulsory schooling. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(4), 729–760. https://doi.org/10.1086/506484
- Pavlopoulos, D. (2007). Human capital and labor market flexibility. European Sociological Review, 23(4), 411-425. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcm014
- Petriglieri, G., Ashford, S. J., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2019). Thriving in the gig economy. Harvard Business Review, 97(3), 142–147. https://hbr.org/2019/03/thriving-in-the-gig-economy
- Podrecca, E. (2012). International factors and wage dynamics. International Journal of Manpower, 33(4), 401-419. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721211252305
- Reich, M., Allegretto, S. A., & Godoey, J. (2023). The effects of minimum wage increases on low-wage workers: Evidence from state-level minimum wage changes. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 76(1), 6-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793917713421
- Reich, M., Allegretto, S., & Montialoux, C. (2023). Seattle’s minimum wage experience 2015–2019. University of California, Berkeley. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26948
- Smith, J. K. (2022). Regional disparities in job availability and migration patterns: Evidence from administrative data. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 97, 103672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103672
- Smith, M., & Johnson, R. (2023). Gig work and income stability: Evidence from administrative data. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 196, 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.10.012
- Thaler, R. H. (2016). Behavioral economics: Past, present, and future. American Economic Review, 106(7), 1577–1600. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.106.7.1577
- World Bank. (2020). World development report 2020: Trading for development in the age of global value chains. World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1516-5
- Wright, E. O., & Perrone, C. (1977). Marxism and class theory: A bourgeois critique. American Sociological Review, 42(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094579
References
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2022). Automation and artificial intelligence: Impacts on skill upgrading and wage polarization. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 36(3), 33-57. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.3.33
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Altonji, J. G., & Song, J. (2021). Wage inequality dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Labor Economics, 39(S1), S371-S399. https://doi.org/10.1086/716776
Atkinson, A. B., & Piketty, T. (2010). Top incomes: A global perspective. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594505.001.0001
Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Kearney, M. S. (2003). Trends in U.S. wage inequality: Revising the revisionists. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(2), 300–323. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882
Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2013). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279–1333. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552801
Baker, M., & Gottschalk, P. (1996). Growing public: Social spending and economic growth since the eighteenth century. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173868
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. The University of Chicago Press.
Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (1998). What makes an entrepreneur? Journal of Labor Economics, 16(1), 26-60. https://doi.org/10.1086/209881
Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789–865. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20160995
Blyzniuk, O. (2023). Labor mobility as a key factor in human capital development. Journal of International Studies, 16(1), 92-107. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-1/7
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2017). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield.
Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2020). The emergence and evolution of the knowledge economy. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 33(3), 441–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12130-020-09392-8
Card, D., Mas, A., Moretti, E., & Saez, E. (2016). Inequality at work: The effect of peer salaries on job satisfaction. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(2), 487-503. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00502
Card, D., Mas, A., Moretti, E., & Saez, E. (2016). Inequality at work: The effect of peer salaries on job satisfaction. American Economic Review, 106(7), 1798–1839. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20141316
Chiquiar, D., & Hanson, G. H. (2005). International migration, self-selection, and the distribution of wages: Evidence from Mexico and the United States. Journal of Political Economy, 113(2), 239-281. https://doi.org/10.1086/426036
Dahl, M. S., & Sorenson, O. (2012). The collaborative organization: How to make employee networks really work. MIT Sloan Management Review, 53(1), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.2307/41703463
Davis, A. E., Hirsch, B. T., & Kaufman, B. E. (2021). Gig work and labor market flexibility: Implications for workers and employers. Industrial Relations, 60(1), 11-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/irel.12302
Desilver, D. (2019, January 4). For most U.S. workers, real wages have barely budged in decades. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/08/07/for-most-us-workers-real-wages-have-barely-budged-for-decades/
Fagan, C., & Burchell, B. (2002). Gender, jobs and working conditions in the European Union. International Labour Review, 141(4), 501-520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2002.tb00225.x
Fagan, C., & Burchell, B. (2002). Gender, jobs and working conditions in the European Union. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203013639
Garcia, R., & Patel, N. (2022). Housing affordability and interregional mobility: Evidence from the United States. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 94, 103-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103117
Gimpelson, V. (2016). Intra- and interfirm transitions: Impacts on wages and labor relations. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 69(2), 365-386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793916634106
Gupta, S., & Lee, L. (2024). Intersectional barriers to labor mobility: A study of gender, race, and socioeconomic status. Journal of Social Issues, 80(1), 96-113. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12446
Gupta, V., & Kaushik, S. (2017). Gender diversity in top management and firm performance: An empirical analysis. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 42(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090920170103
Hanushek, E. A., Woessmann, L., & Zhang, L. (2024). Educational quality and wage outcomes: Evidence from international assessments. Journal of Human Resources, 59(2), 369-397. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.59.2.0719-9874R
Hanushek, E. A., Woessmann, L., & Zhang, L. (2024). General education, vocational education, and labor-market outcomes over the life-cycle. Journal of Human Capital, 8(1), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1086/715451
Johnson, M., Smith, K., & Patel, R. (2021). Remote work and geographic mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Urban Economics, 123, 103329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103329
Johnson, T., Brown, A., & White, S. (2023). Digitalization and job-to-job transitions: Evidence from online job postings. Journal of Labor Economics, 41(1), 245-273. https://doi.org/10.1086/714398
Jones, R., & Brown, K. (2023). Immigration policies and labor market integration: Evidence from visa reforms. Journal of Comparative Economics, 51(3), 635-653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2022.10.005
Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (2016). The rise and nature of alternative work arrangements in the United States, 1995-2015. ILR Review, 70(5), 897-928. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793916634952
Massey, D. S. (1998). Why does immigration occur? A theoretical synthesis. International Migration Review, 32(2), 403-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200203
Massey, D. S. (1998). Why does immigration occur? A theoretical synthesis. In C. Hirschman, P. Kasinitz, & J. DeWind (Eds.), The handbook of international migration: The American experience (pp. 34–52). Russell Sage Foundation.
McKinsey Global Institute. (2012). The social economy: Unlocking value and productivity through social technologies. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/Insights/High%20Tech%20Media%20Telecommunications/Technology/The%20social%20economy%20(Exec%20summary).ashx
Mishel, L., Bernstein, J., & Shierholz, H. (2012). The state of working America. Cornell University Press.
OECD. (2018). The future of education and skills: Education 2030. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264271214-en
Oreopoulos, P., Page, M. E., & Stevens, A. H. (2006). The intergenerational effects of compulsory schooling. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(4), 729-760. https://doi.org/10.1086/505822
Oreopoulos, P., Page, M. E., & Stevens, A. H. (2006). The intergenerational effects of compulsory schooling. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(4), 729–760. https://doi.org/10.1086/506484
Pavlopoulos, D. (2007). Human capital and labor market flexibility. European Sociological Review, 23(4), 411-425. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcm014
Petriglieri, G., Ashford, S. J., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2019). Thriving in the gig economy. Harvard Business Review, 97(3), 142–147. https://hbr.org/2019/03/thriving-in-the-gig-economy
Podrecca, E. (2012). International factors and wage dynamics. International Journal of Manpower, 33(4), 401-419. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721211252305
Reich, M., Allegretto, S. A., & Godoey, J. (2023). The effects of minimum wage increases on low-wage workers: Evidence from state-level minimum wage changes. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 76(1), 6-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793917713421
Reich, M., Allegretto, S., & Montialoux, C. (2023). Seattle’s minimum wage experience 2015–2019. University of California, Berkeley. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26948
Smith, J. K. (2022). Regional disparities in job availability and migration patterns: Evidence from administrative data. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 97, 103672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103672
Smith, M., & Johnson, R. (2023). Gig work and income stability: Evidence from administrative data. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 196, 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.10.012
Thaler, R. H. (2016). Behavioral economics: Past, present, and future. American Economic Review, 106(7), 1577–1600. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.106.7.1577
World Bank. (2020). World development report 2020: Trading for development in the age of global value chains. World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1516-5
Wright, E. O., & Perrone, C. (1977). Marxism and class theory: A bourgeois critique. American Sociological Review, 42(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094579