Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study explores the effectiveness of employee development strategies in enhancing workforce skills and motivation, particularly in the context of digital transformation and evolving work environments. It integrates training methodologies, career development initiatives, and motivation theories to provide a holistic framework for sustainable workforce growth. The study also identifies differences in strategy implementation between large corporations and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), addressing key challenges and opportunities in employee development.
Research Method: This research employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, synthesizing peer-reviewed journal articles and scholarly sources from Elsevier, Emerald, Wiley, and Springer published after 2018. The methodology involves structured data extraction, thematic categorization, and critical analysis to assess trends in training effectiveness, motivation, and career development strategies. By systematically reviewing recent empirical and theoretical studies, this research presents a comprehensive synthesis of the latest insights on employee development.
Results and Discussion: The findings highlight that technology-driven training, mentoring, and structured learning initiatives have a significant impact on improving employee competence and motivation. A balance between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is essential for sustaining engagement and retention. The study also underscores the impact of digitalization, necessitating adaptive workforce training models. Differences in strategy implementation between large firms and SMEs reveal that while large corporations benefit from structured development programs, SMEs can leverage alternative strategies such as community-based training and collaborative skill-building initiatives.
Implications: This research provides practical insights for business leaders and HR practitioners, emphasizing the importance of data-driven, flexible, and technology-integrated employee development strategies. It also offers policy recommendations for supporting workforce upskilling in response to rapid industry changes. Future research should explore sector-specific workforce development models and empirically validate these strategies in diverse organizational settings.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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- Ahsan, M. J. (2024). Cultivating a culture of learning: the role of leadership in fostering lifelong development. The Learning Organization, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-03-2024-0099
- Ambrogio, G., Filice, L., Longo, F., & Padovano, A. (2022). Workforce and supply chain disruption as a digital and technological innovation opportunity for resilient manufacturing systems in the COVID-19 pandemic. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 169, 108158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.108158
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- Boamah, S. A. (2022). The impact of transformational leadership on nurse faculty satisfaction and burnout during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A moderated mediated analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(9), 2815–2826. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15198
- Bojeun, M. C. (2013). Program management leadership: Creating successful team dynamics. CRC Press.
- Budiadi, H., Hasbi, M., & Setiyowati, S. (2024). Employee Development Strategies to Improve Skills and Job Satisfaction. Global International Journal of Innovative Research, 2(9 SE-Articles), 1997–2006. https://doi.org/10.59613/global.v2i9.292
- Budiarto, M. K., Rahman, A., & Efendi, A. (2024). Proposing information and communication Technology (ICT)-Based Learning transformation to create competitive human resources: A theoretical review. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(4), 2024076. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024076
- Chen, Z. (2023). Artificial Intelligence-Virtual Trainer: Innovative Didactics Aimed at Personalized Training Needs. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(2), 2007–2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-00985-0
- Chuang, C.-H., Jackson, S. E., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Can knowledge-intensive teamwork be managed? Examining the roles of HRM systems, leadership, and tacit knowledge. Journal of Management, 42(2), 524–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313478189
- Dahlia Ayu Sulistiani, Mawaddah Azkiya Syarifatunnisa, & Vina Nut Fitriah. (2024). Strategi Pengembangan MSDM Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Dan Motivasi Karyawan. Jurnal Inovasi Manajemen, Kewirausahaan, Bisnis Dan Digital, 1(3 SE-Articles), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.61132/jimakebidi.v1i3.221
- Dean, S. A. (2017). Soft skills needed for the 21st century workforce. Walden University.
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109–134.
- Demircioglu, M. A. (2021). Sources of Innovation, Autonomy, and Employee Job Satisfaction in Public Organizations. Public Performance & Management Review, 44(1), 155–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2020.1820350
- Emon, M. M. H., & Chowdhury, S. A. (2023). Assessing The Influence of Training and Skill Development Initiatives on Employee Performance: A Case Study of Private Banks in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bangladesh (August 17, 2023). https://doi.org/10.26480/mbmj.02.2023.74.79
- Forner, V. W., Jones, M., Berry, Y., & Eidenfalk, J. (2020). Motivating workers: how leaders apply self-determination theory in organizations. Organization Management Journal, 18(2), 76–94. https://doi.org/10.1108/OMJ-03-2020-0891
- Garavan, T., McCarthy, A., Sheehan, M., Lai, Y., Saunders, M. N. K., Clarke, N., Carbery, R., & Shanahan, V. (2019). Measuring the organizational impact of training: The need for greater methodological rigor. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 30(3), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21345
- Grenier, S., Gagné, M., & O’Neill, T. (2024). Self‐determination theory and its implications for team motivation. Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12526
- Jia-Jun, Z., & Hua-Ming, S. (2022). The impact of career growth on knowledge-based employee engagement: the mediating role of affective commitment and the moderating role of perceived organizational support. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 805208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805208
- Jumady, E. (2023). The Role of Organizational Culture, Work Environment and Motivation in Improving Employee Performance. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 1(1 SE-Articles), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v1i1.40
- Jumawan, J., Ali, H., Nyoman Sawitri, N., & Tusholeha Rony, Z. (2024). The Influence of Employee Education and Work Experience on Employee Performance and Employee Loyalty. Siber International Journal of Digital Business (SIJDB), 2(1 SE-Articles), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.38035/sijdb.v2i1.81
- Kandoth, S., & Shekhar, S. K. (2024). Employees’ intrinsic motivation in mediating the relationship between perceived ambidextrous organizational culture and innovative behaviour in the Indian IT sector. The Learning Organization, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-03-2024-0089
- Khadka, A. K., & Khadka, S. (2024). Productive Employee Training and Its Impact on Retention. Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7(1), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.3126/njmr.v7i1.65270
- Khan, H., Rehmat, M., Butt, T. H., Farooqi, S., & Asim, J. (2020). Impact of transformational leadership on work performance, burnout and social loafing: a mediation model. Future Business Journal, 6(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00043-8
- Koh, L., Orzes, G., & Jia, F. (Jeff). (2019). The fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0): technologies disruption on operations and supply chain management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 39(6/7/8), 817–828. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-08-2019-788
- Kuvaas, B., Buch, R., & Dysvik, A. (2017). Constructive supervisor feedback is not sufficient: Immediacy and frequency is essential. Human Resource Management, 56(3), 519–531. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21785
- Kwarteng, S., Frimpong, S. O., Asare, R., & Wiredu, T. J. N. (2024). Effect of employee recognition, employee engagement on their productivity: the role of transformational leadership style at Ghana Health Service. Current Psychology, 43(6), 5502–5513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04708-9
- Martin, T. N., & Ottemann, R. (2016). Generational workforce demographic trends and total organizational rewards. Journal of Behavioural and Applied Management, 16(2), 91–115. https://jbam.scholasticahq.com/article/1160.pdf.
- Martinez, P. (2016). The relationship between employee engagement, trust, and intrinsic motivation. The University of the Rockies.
- Mikołajczyk, K. (2022). Changes in the approach to employee development in organisations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(5/6), 544–562. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-12-2020-0171
- Mustafa, B., & Lleshi, S. (2024). The impact of lifelong learning and investments in employee development on employee productivity and performance. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(8), 2024175. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024175
- Ngozi, D., & Edwinah, A. (2022). Employee engagement and talent retention: a review. South Asian Research Journal of Biology and Applied Biosciences, 4(5), 188–197. https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjbm.2022.v04i05.003
- Núñez-Cacho Utrilla, P. V., Grande-Torraleja, F. A., Moreno Albarracín, A. L., & Ortega-Rodríguez, C. (2023). Advance employee development to increase performance of the family business. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 45(7), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-03-2022-0151
- Olafsen, A. H., Marescaux, B. P. C., & Kujanpää, M. (2025). Crafting for autonomy, competence, and relatedness: A self‐determination theory model of need crafting at work. Applied Psychology, 74(1), e12570. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12570
- Palupi, N. W. I., Mashuri, D. I., & Febrima, A. Y. (2024). Innovative Strategies To Improve The Quality Of Human Resources Through Skill And Competency Development. International Journal of Management, Business, and Social Sciences, 3(01). https://doi.org/10.31942/ijmbs.v3i01.10864
- Pinnington, A., Mir, F. A., & Ai, Z. (2024). The significance of general skills training for early career graduates: relationships with perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and turnover intention. European Journal of Training and Development, 48(7/8), 705–729. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-01-2023-0002
- Prayoga, D. D. B., & Ikhwan, K. (2023). Strategi Peningkatan Kinerja Karyawan Melalui Program Pelatihan Dan Motivasi Kerja Di Pt. Forum Bisnis Sejahtera. Transekonomika: Akuntansi, Bisnis Dan Keuangan, 3(1), 206–214. https://doi.org/10.55047/transekonomika.v3i1.369
- Roos, M., Reale, J., & Banning, F. (2021). The effects of incentives, social norms, and employees’ values on work performance. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2107.01139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262430
- Shet, S. V. (2024). A VUCA-ready workforce: exploring employee competencies and learning and development implications. Personnel Review, 53(3), 674–703. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-10-2023-0873
- Suhairi, S., Purba, R. S., Lubis, Z. A., Sandi, M., & Iqbal, I. (2023). Human Resource Management Strategy In Maintaining And Improving Employee Performance. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen Dan Bisnis Digital, 2(2), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.37676/jambd.v2i2.4589
- Surber, A. M. (2017). E-learning factors influencing strategies: Multi-case study of employee training at a higher educational institution. Northcentral University.
- Thomas, K. W. (2009). Intrinsic motivation at work: What really drives employee engagement. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
- Vahdat, S. (2022). The role of IT-based technologies on the management of human resources in the COVID-19 era. Kybernetes, 51(6), 2065–2088. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-04-2021-0333
- Van den Broeck, A., Ferris, D. L., Chang, C.-H., & Rosen, C. C. (2016). A review of self-determination theory’s basic psychological needs at work. Journal of Management, 42(5), 1195–1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316632058
- Vinda Sulvitri. (2025). Pengembangan Karir dan Pemberian Reward sebagai Strategi Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan di PT Dwidaya Mira Persada. EduInovasi: Journal of Basic Educational Studies, 5(1 SE-Articles), 366 – 373. https://doi.org/10.47467/edu.v5i1.6409
- Wu, F., Ren, Z., Wang, Q., He, M., Xiong, W., Ma, G., Fan, X., Guo, X., Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2021). The relationship between job stress and job burnout: the mediating effects of perceived social support and job satisfaction. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(2), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1778750
- Yertas, M. (2024). The Role of Training and Continuous Development in Improving Employee Productivity and its Impact on Company Financial Performance. Atestasi : Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 7(2 SE-Articles), 1362–1379. https://doi.org/10.57178/atestasi.v7i2.1047
References
Aguinis, H., & Burgi-Tian, J. (2021). Talent management challenges during COVID-19 and beyond: Performance management to the rescue. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 24(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/2340944421100
Ahsan, M. J. (2024). Cultivating a culture of learning: the role of leadership in fostering lifelong development. The Learning Organization, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-03-2024-0099
Ambrogio, G., Filice, L., Longo, F., & Padovano, A. (2022). Workforce and supply chain disruption as a digital and technological innovation opportunity for resilient manufacturing systems in the COVID-19 pandemic. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 169, 108158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2022.108158
Bhumika, M., Samal, R., Sharma, N., & Sharma, N. (2024). Employee Training and Development in The 21st Century: Trends and Innovations. Bhartiyam International Journal of Education & Research, 13(2). http://www.gangainstituteofeducation.com/Ms. Bhumika et al.pdf.
Boamah, S. A. (2022). The impact of transformational leadership on nurse faculty satisfaction and burnout during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A moderated mediated analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(9), 2815–2826. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15198
Bojeun, M. C. (2013). Program management leadership: Creating successful team dynamics. CRC Press.
Budiadi, H., Hasbi, M., & Setiyowati, S. (2024). Employee Development Strategies to Improve Skills and Job Satisfaction. Global International Journal of Innovative Research, 2(9 SE-Articles), 1997–2006. https://doi.org/10.59613/global.v2i9.292
Budiarto, M. K., Rahman, A., & Efendi, A. (2024). Proposing information and communication Technology (ICT)-Based Learning transformation to create competitive human resources: A theoretical review. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(4), 2024076. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024076
Chen, Z. (2023). Artificial Intelligence-Virtual Trainer: Innovative Didactics Aimed at Personalized Training Needs. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(2), 2007–2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-00985-0
Chuang, C.-H., Jackson, S. E., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Can knowledge-intensive teamwork be managed? Examining the roles of HRM systems, leadership, and tacit knowledge. Journal of Management, 42(2), 524–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313478189
Dahlia Ayu Sulistiani, Mawaddah Azkiya Syarifatunnisa, & Vina Nut Fitriah. (2024). Strategi Pengembangan MSDM Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Dan Motivasi Karyawan. Jurnal Inovasi Manajemen, Kewirausahaan, Bisnis Dan Digital, 1(3 SE-Articles), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.61132/jimakebidi.v1i3.221
Dean, S. A. (2017). Soft skills needed for the 21st century workforce. Walden University.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109–134.
Demircioglu, M. A. (2021). Sources of Innovation, Autonomy, and Employee Job Satisfaction in Public Organizations. Public Performance & Management Review, 44(1), 155–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2020.1820350
Emon, M. M. H., & Chowdhury, S. A. (2023). Assessing The Influence of Training and Skill Development Initiatives on Employee Performance: A Case Study of Private Banks in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bangladesh (August 17, 2023). https://doi.org/10.26480/mbmj.02.2023.74.79
Forner, V. W., Jones, M., Berry, Y., & Eidenfalk, J. (2020). Motivating workers: how leaders apply self-determination theory in organizations. Organization Management Journal, 18(2), 76–94. https://doi.org/10.1108/OMJ-03-2020-0891
Garavan, T., McCarthy, A., Sheehan, M., Lai, Y., Saunders, M. N. K., Clarke, N., Carbery, R., & Shanahan, V. (2019). Measuring the organizational impact of training: The need for greater methodological rigor. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 30(3), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21345
Grenier, S., Gagné, M., & O’Neill, T. (2024). Self‐determination theory and its implications for team motivation. Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12526
Jia-Jun, Z., & Hua-Ming, S. (2022). The impact of career growth on knowledge-based employee engagement: the mediating role of affective commitment and the moderating role of perceived organizational support. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 805208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805208
Jumady, E. (2023). The Role of Organizational Culture, Work Environment and Motivation in Improving Employee Performance. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 1(1 SE-Articles), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v1i1.40
Jumawan, J., Ali, H., Nyoman Sawitri, N., & Tusholeha Rony, Z. (2024). The Influence of Employee Education and Work Experience on Employee Performance and Employee Loyalty. Siber International Journal of Digital Business (SIJDB), 2(1 SE-Articles), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.38035/sijdb.v2i1.81
Kandoth, S., & Shekhar, S. K. (2024). Employees’ intrinsic motivation in mediating the relationship between perceived ambidextrous organizational culture and innovative behaviour in the Indian IT sector. The Learning Organization, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-03-2024-0089
Khadka, A. K., & Khadka, S. (2024). Productive Employee Training and Its Impact on Retention. Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7(1), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.3126/njmr.v7i1.65270
Khan, H., Rehmat, M., Butt, T. H., Farooqi, S., & Asim, J. (2020). Impact of transformational leadership on work performance, burnout and social loafing: a mediation model. Future Business Journal, 6(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00043-8
Koh, L., Orzes, G., & Jia, F. (Jeff). (2019). The fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0): technologies disruption on operations and supply chain management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 39(6/7/8), 817–828. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-08-2019-788
Kuvaas, B., Buch, R., & Dysvik, A. (2017). Constructive supervisor feedback is not sufficient: Immediacy and frequency is essential. Human Resource Management, 56(3), 519–531. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21785
Kwarteng, S., Frimpong, S. O., Asare, R., & Wiredu, T. J. N. (2024). Effect of employee recognition, employee engagement on their productivity: the role of transformational leadership style at Ghana Health Service. Current Psychology, 43(6), 5502–5513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04708-9
Martin, T. N., & Ottemann, R. (2016). Generational workforce demographic trends and total organizational rewards. Journal of Behavioural and Applied Management, 16(2), 91–115. https://jbam.scholasticahq.com/article/1160.pdf.
Martinez, P. (2016). The relationship between employee engagement, trust, and intrinsic motivation. The University of the Rockies.
Mikołajczyk, K. (2022). Changes in the approach to employee development in organisations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(5/6), 544–562. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-12-2020-0171
Mustafa, B., & Lleshi, S. (2024). The impact of lifelong learning and investments in employee development on employee productivity and performance. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(8), 2024175. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024175
Ngozi, D., & Edwinah, A. (2022). Employee engagement and talent retention: a review. South Asian Research Journal of Biology and Applied Biosciences, 4(5), 188–197. https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjbm.2022.v04i05.003
Núñez-Cacho Utrilla, P. V., Grande-Torraleja, F. A., Moreno Albarracín, A. L., & Ortega-Rodríguez, C. (2023). Advance employee development to increase performance of the family business. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 45(7), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-03-2022-0151
Olafsen, A. H., Marescaux, B. P. C., & Kujanpää, M. (2025). Crafting for autonomy, competence, and relatedness: A self‐determination theory model of need crafting at work. Applied Psychology, 74(1), e12570. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12570
Palupi, N. W. I., Mashuri, D. I., & Febrima, A. Y. (2024). Innovative Strategies To Improve The Quality Of Human Resources Through Skill And Competency Development. International Journal of Management, Business, and Social Sciences, 3(01). https://doi.org/10.31942/ijmbs.v3i01.10864
Pinnington, A., Mir, F. A., & Ai, Z. (2024). The significance of general skills training for early career graduates: relationships with perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and turnover intention. European Journal of Training and Development, 48(7/8), 705–729. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-01-2023-0002
Prayoga, D. D. B., & Ikhwan, K. (2023). Strategi Peningkatan Kinerja Karyawan Melalui Program Pelatihan Dan Motivasi Kerja Di Pt. Forum Bisnis Sejahtera. Transekonomika: Akuntansi, Bisnis Dan Keuangan, 3(1), 206–214. https://doi.org/10.55047/transekonomika.v3i1.369
Roos, M., Reale, J., & Banning, F. (2021). The effects of incentives, social norms, and employees’ values on work performance. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2107.01139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262430
Shet, S. V. (2024). A VUCA-ready workforce: exploring employee competencies and learning and development implications. Personnel Review, 53(3), 674–703. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-10-2023-0873
Suhairi, S., Purba, R. S., Lubis, Z. A., Sandi, M., & Iqbal, I. (2023). Human Resource Management Strategy In Maintaining And Improving Employee Performance. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen Dan Bisnis Digital, 2(2), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.37676/jambd.v2i2.4589
Surber, A. M. (2017). E-learning factors influencing strategies: Multi-case study of employee training at a higher educational institution. Northcentral University.
Thomas, K. W. (2009). Intrinsic motivation at work: What really drives employee engagement. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Vahdat, S. (2022). The role of IT-based technologies on the management of human resources in the COVID-19 era. Kybernetes, 51(6), 2065–2088. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-04-2021-0333
Van den Broeck, A., Ferris, D. L., Chang, C.-H., & Rosen, C. C. (2016). A review of self-determination theory’s basic psychological needs at work. Journal of Management, 42(5), 1195–1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316632058
Vinda Sulvitri. (2025). Pengembangan Karir dan Pemberian Reward sebagai Strategi Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan di PT Dwidaya Mira Persada. EduInovasi: Journal of Basic Educational Studies, 5(1 SE-Articles), 366 – 373. https://doi.org/10.47467/edu.v5i1.6409
Wu, F., Ren, Z., Wang, Q., He, M., Xiong, W., Ma, G., Fan, X., Guo, X., Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2021). The relationship between job stress and job burnout: the mediating effects of perceived social support and job satisfaction. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(2), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1778750
Yertas, M. (2024). The Role of Training and Continuous Development in Improving Employee Productivity and its Impact on Company Financial Performance. Atestasi : Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 7(2 SE-Articles), 1362–1379. https://doi.org/10.57178/atestasi.v7i2.1047