Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study examines the impact of tax incentives on investment in the energy sector, focusing on empirical evidence, theoretical framework, and policy implications.
Research Design and Methodology: This research adopts a multi-perspective approach, utilizing empirical studies, theoretical insights, and practical considerations to analyze it comprehensively. Methodologically, the study synthesizes existing literature and integrates insights from economics, environmental science, and policy studies.
Findings and Discussion: The findings suggest that well-designed tax incentive programs positively influence investment flows in the energy sector, especially in renewable energy projects. Policy stability and coherence are critical determinants of tax incentives' effectiveness, emphasizing the need for an integrated policy approach.
Implications: The implications of these findings highlight the importance of collaborative action between policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers in driving effective energy transition strategies. Policymakers are encouraged to prioritize designing and implementing targeted incentive programs, while industry stakeholders are encouraged to engage in the policy formulation process actively. Researchers must continue studying the effectiveness of tax incentives and identify strategies to increase their impact on energy sector investment.
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Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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- Berthélemy, M., & Maurel, M. (2021). Energy transition at the subnational level: Evidence from France. Energy Policy, 158, 112701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112701
- Bird, R. M., & Ryan, J. A. (2008). Fiscal implications of climate change. Climate Policy, 8(6), 559-572. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2008.0524
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- Feldman, D., Barbose, G., & Bolinger, M. (2016). Does the investment tax credit impact PV system prices? Evidence from a combined analysis of market and financial transaction data. Energy Policy, 92, 459-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.032
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- Fowlie, M., Reguant, M., & Ryan, S. P. (2021). Market-based emissions regulation and industry dynamics. Annual Review of Economics, 13, 205-228. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081019-050723
- Gambhir, A., Tavoni, M., & Stern, N. (2017). After Paris: Options for carbon pricing to deliver the Paris Agreement. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 11(1), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rew011
- Gillingham, K., Haščič, I., & Wagner, N. (2020). Policy relevance and the effectiveness of fiscal stimuli for improving energy efficiency in Germany. Energy Economics, 85, 104563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104563
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- Jones, R., & Lee, K. (2022). Tax incentives for energy storage investment: Evidence from the United States. Energy Policy, 163, 112777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112777
- Kim, Y., Lee, K., & Choi, J. (2023). The impact of state-level tax incentives on renewable energy capacity expansion: Evidence from the United States. Energy Policy, 163, 112765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112765
- Li, S., & Zhang, F. (2023). Carbon pricing and renewable energy investments: Evidence from China's renewable energy sector. Energy Economics, 105, 105326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105326
- Li, Z., Meng, F., & Chen, X. (2021). Investment tax credits and renewable energy investment: Evidence from China. Energy Economics, 97, 105234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105234
- Mills, E., Sovacool, B. K., & Ryan, S. P. (2021). Energy justice and community solar: A review. Energy Research & Social Science, 83, 102051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102051
- Pizer, W. A. (2006). Prices vs. quantities revisited: The case of climate change. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 1(1), 66-87. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rel002
- Popp, D. (2016). Environmental policy and innovation: A decade of research. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 10(2), 166-187. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rew008
- Rodriguez, J. P., Goddard, L., & Mainet, H. (2022). Subnational climate change governance in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. Climatic Change, 170, 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03274-0
- Rodriguez, M., Onifade, G., & Tavares, P. (2022). Decentralization and energy policy: Evidence from Brazil. Energy Policy, 164, 112758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112758
- Rosenthal, J. L., & Austin, D. (2010). Government incentives and wind power: A case study in California. Energy Policy, 38(7), 3615-3621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.027
- Sarker, S. (2020). Market-based instruments and voluntary agreements for energy efficiency improvement in the industrial sector: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, 119160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119160
- Sovacool, B. K., Tan-Mullins, M., Walter, G., Zhang, X., & Ren, J. (2022). Building integrated energy systems: A systematic review and research agenda. Energy Research & Social Science, 85, 102094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102094
- Stern, N. (2022). Carbon pricing: Learning from experience and policy. Nature Climate Change, 12(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01261-3
- Sun, L. (2020). Effect of VAT incentives on the return on equity of new energy listed companies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5358. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155358
- Wagner, G. (2023). Subnational climate policy in Germany: Evidence from state-level renewable energy targets. Energy Policy, 165, 112623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112623
- Wagner, T. (2023). The politics of green energy transitions: A review and research agenda. Energy Research & Social Science, 106, 102777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102777
- Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022). Production tax credits and wind energy investment: Evidence from the United States. Energy Economics, 112, 105036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.105036
- Wirth, T. (2023). Carbon taxes, emission trading, and the role of speculation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 115, 102449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102449
- Wirth, T. (2023). Carbon taxes, emission trading, and the role of speculation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 115, 102449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102449
- Zhao, Y., Liu, D., & Wei, Y. M. (2023). Does tax incentive promote renewable energy innovation? Evidence from panel data analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 336, 130195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130195
- Zhou, P. (2011). Policy optimization for renewable energy financing. Energy Policy, 39(9), 5003-5012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.038
References
Baldwin, R., & Venables, A. J. (2022). Green industrial policy. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 36(1), 87-112. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.1.87
Berthélemy, M., & Maurel, M. (2021). Energy transition and subnational governments: Evidence from the French regions. Ecological Economics, 180, 106873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106873
Berthélemy, M., & Maurel, M. (2021). Energy transition at the subnational level: Evidence from France. Energy Policy, 158, 112701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112701
Bird, R. M., & Ryan, J. A. (2008). Fiscal implications of climate change. Climate Policy, 8(6), 559-572. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2008.0524
Cai, Y., Newell, R. G., & Pizer, W. A. (2021). Carbon pricing impacts on low-income households: Evidence from national and subnational policies. Nature Energy, 6(11), 1062-1070. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00928-2
Calel, R., & Dechezleprêtre, A. (2016). Environmental policy and directed technological change: Evidence from the European carbon market. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(1), 173-191. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00519
Carattini, S., Carvalho, M., & Fankhauser, S. (2022). Carbon pricing and the politics of environmental taxation. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 14, 87-109. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-112220-094146
Chen, Y., Jin, H., & Xu, J. (2022). An empirical study of feed-in tariff policy on renewable energy investment: Evidence from China's solar energy industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 315, 128223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128223
De Mooij, R. A., & Ederveen, S. (2003). Taxation and foreign direct investment: A synthesis of empirical research. International Tax and Public Finance, 10(6), 673-693. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ITAX.0000004838.57917.0f
Dechezleprêtre, A., Glachant, M., & Ménière, Y. (2015). What drives the international transfer of climate change mitigation technologies? Empirical evidence from patent data. Environmental and Resource Economics, 61(1), 25-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-014-9792-5
Dippenaar, G. J. (2018). An analysis of the effectiveness of tax incentives in South Africa's largest businesses. Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/jef.v11i1.212
Edenhofer, O., Kalkuhl, M., & Winkler, H. (2021). Is there a second-best case for the carbon tax? Nature Climate Change, 11(2), 97-100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00971-w
Feldman, D., Barbose, G., & Bolinger, M. (2016). Does the investment tax credit impact PV system prices? Evidence from a combined analysis of market and financial transaction data. Energy Policy, 92, 459-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.032
Feldman, D., Margolis, R., Wiser, R., Darghouth, N., Barbose, G., & Fu, R. (2016). Photovoltaic system pricing trends: Historical, recent, and near-term projections. Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-65298. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.2172/1239250
Fowlie, M., Reguant, M., & Ryan, S. P. (2021). Market-based emissions regulation and industry dynamics. Annual Review of Economics, 13, 205-228. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081019-050723
Gambhir, A., Tavoni, M., & Stern, N. (2017). After Paris: Options for carbon pricing to deliver the Paris Agreement. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 11(1), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rew011
Gillingham, K., Haščič, I., & Wagner, N. (2020). Policy relevance and the effectiveness of fiscal stimuli for improving energy efficiency in Germany. Energy Economics, 85, 104563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104563
Gillingham, K., Newell, R. G., & Palmer, K. (2009). Energy efficiency economics and policy. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 1(1), 597-620. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.resource.050708.144305
Heck, S., Popp, M., & Schmidt, C. M. (2022). Energy poverty and social equity: A systematic review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 152, 112377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.112377
Jones, R., & Lee, K. (2022). Tax incentives for energy storage investment: Evidence from the United States. Energy Policy, 163, 112777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112777
Kim, Y., Lee, K., & Choi, J. (2023). The impact of state-level tax incentives on renewable energy capacity expansion: Evidence from the United States. Energy Policy, 163, 112765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112765
Li, S., & Zhang, F. (2023). Carbon pricing and renewable energy investments: Evidence from China's renewable energy sector. Energy Economics, 105, 105326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105326
Li, Z., Meng, F., & Chen, X. (2021). Investment tax credits and renewable energy investment: Evidence from China. Energy Economics, 97, 105234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105234
Mills, E., Sovacool, B. K., & Ryan, S. P. (2021). Energy justice and community solar: A review. Energy Research & Social Science, 83, 102051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102051
Pizer, W. A. (2006). Prices vs. quantities revisited: The case of climate change. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 1(1), 66-87. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rel002
Popp, D. (2016). Environmental policy and innovation: A decade of research. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 10(2), 166-187. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rew008
Rodriguez, J. P., Goddard, L., & Mainet, H. (2022). Subnational climate change governance in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. Climatic Change, 170, 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03274-0
Rodriguez, M., Onifade, G., & Tavares, P. (2022). Decentralization and energy policy: Evidence from Brazil. Energy Policy, 164, 112758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112758
Rosenthal, J. L., & Austin, D. (2010). Government incentives and wind power: A case study in California. Energy Policy, 38(7), 3615-3621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.027
Sarker, S. (2020). Market-based instruments and voluntary agreements for energy efficiency improvement in the industrial sector: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, 119160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119160
Sovacool, B. K., Tan-Mullins, M., Walter, G., Zhang, X., & Ren, J. (2022). Building integrated energy systems: A systematic review and research agenda. Energy Research & Social Science, 85, 102094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102094
Stern, N. (2022). Carbon pricing: Learning from experience and policy. Nature Climate Change, 12(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01261-3
Sun, L. (2020). Effect of VAT incentives on the return on equity of new energy listed companies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5358. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155358
Wagner, G. (2023). Subnational climate policy in Germany: Evidence from state-level renewable energy targets. Energy Policy, 165, 112623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112623
Wagner, T. (2023). The politics of green energy transitions: A review and research agenda. Energy Research & Social Science, 106, 102777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102777
Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022). Production tax credits and wind energy investment: Evidence from the United States. Energy Economics, 112, 105036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.105036
Wirth, T. (2023). Carbon taxes, emission trading, and the role of speculation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 115, 102449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102449
Wirth, T. (2023). Carbon taxes, emission trading, and the role of speculation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 115, 102449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102449
Zhao, Y., Liu, D., & Wei, Y. M. (2023). Does tax incentive promote renewable energy innovation? Evidence from panel data analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 336, 130195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130195
Zhou, P. (2011). Policy optimization for renewable energy financing. Energy Policy, 39(9), 5003-5012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.038