Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study explores the impact of family planning on family welfare, emphasizing its health, economic, and social dimensions. It aims to comprehensively understand how access to family planning services influences household financial stability, maternal and child health outcomes, educational opportunities, and women’s empowerment. The study examines barriers to the effective implementation of family planning, particularly in socio-cultural and policy contexts.
Research Design and Methodology: This research adopts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, synthesizing findings from relevant studies to evaluate the effectiveness of family planning programs. The study integrates theoretical frameworks, including Human Capital Theory, to assess the long-term socio-economic benefits of family planning. Secondary data sources, including peer-reviewed journals and empirical research, were analyzed to identify key trends, challenges, and policy implications.
Findings and Discussion: The findings suggest that family planning has a significant impact on reducing maternal and infant mortality rates, enhancing child health, and improving household financial security by enabling more effective resource allocation. Family planning also contributes to social mobility by increasing access to education and economic opportunities, particularly for women. However, cultural and religious barriers, unequal access to healthcare, and policy gaps remain significant challenges in achieving widespread adoption. Addressing these issues requires community-based interventions, the integration of technology, and policy reforms.
Implications: The study highlights the importance of evidence-based policies in enhancing family planning services, particularly in rural and underserved communities. Governments, NGOs, and the private sector must collaborate to expand access to reproductive healthcare, integrate digital health solutions, and ensure sustainable funding. Future research should explore the role of digital technologies in increasing family planning awareness and accessibility.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- Ahmed, F., Malik, N. I., Bashir, S., Noureen, N., Ullah, S., Ahmed, J. B., Mansoor, T., & Tang, K. (2024). “An obedient wife never says ‘no’ to her virtual god.” High fertility conceptions and barriers to contraceptive use among mothers of Southern Pakistan: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 2157. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19484-9
- Algarni, M. A., Ali, M., & Ali, I. (2024). The role of financial parenting, childhood financial socialization and childhood financial experiences in developing financial well-being among adolescents in their later life. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-07-2023-0194
- Appleton, S., & Teal, F. (1998). Human capital and economic development. African Development Bank Group.
- Ariho, P., & Kabagenyi, A. (2020). Age at first marriage, age at first sex, family size preferences, contraception and change in fertility among women in Uganda: analysis of the 2006–2016 period. BMC Women’s Health, 20(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-0881-4
- Asmidar, C., Masni, M., Stang, S., Salmah, U., Bustan, N., & Wahiduddin, W. (2022). Influence of family planning program implementation on the level of family welfare in Wundulako District Kolaka. International Journal of Health Sciences, I, 8268–8282. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns1.6848
- Atuhaire, P., Kiracho-Ekirapa, E., & Mutenyo, J. (2023). How equitable is utilization of maternal health services in Uganda? Implications for achieving universal health coverage. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09749-1
- Atuhairwe, S., Hanson, C., Tumwesigye, N. M., Gemzell-Danielsson, K., & Byamugisha, J. (2023). Second trimester post-abortion family planning uptake and associated factors in 14 public health facilities in Central Uganda: a cross-sectional study. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine, 8(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-022-00199-4
- Banks, J. A. (2024). Prosperity and parenthood: A study of family planning among the Victorian middle classes. Taylor & Francis.
- Becker, G. S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago press.
- Cahill, N., Sonneveldt, E., Stover, J., Weinberger, M., Williamson, J., Wei, C., Brown, W., & Alkema, L. (2018). Modern contraceptive use, unmet need, and demand satisfied among women of reproductive age who are married or in a union in the focus countries of the Family Planning 2020 initiative: a systematic analysis using the Family Planning Estimation Tool. Lancet, 391, 870–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(17)33104-5
- Connor, D. S., Xie, S., Uhl, J. H., Talbot, C., Hester, C., Jaworski, T., Gutmann, M., Leyk, S., & Hunter, L. (2024). Spatial poverty dynamics and social mobility in rural America. Population, Space and Place, 30(8), e2802. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2802
- Dang, H.-A. H., & Rogers, F. H. (2016). The Decision to Invest in Child Quality over Quantity: Household Size and Household Investment in Education in Vietnam. The World Bank Economic Review, 30(1), 104–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhv048
- der Hatcher, V., Williams, M., Dorin, P., & Switzer, K. (2023). Catalyzing Sustainable Development: Assessing the Impact of Family Plan-ning Programs on Population Control, Reproductive Health, and Gender Empowerment. Law and Economics, 17(2), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.35335/laweco.v17i2.4
- Ferede Gebremedhin, A., Dawson, A., & Hayen, A. (2022). Evaluations of effective coverage of maternal and child health services: A systematic review. Health Policy and Planning, 37(7), 895–914. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czac034
- Fischer, S., Royer, H., & White, C. (2018). The impacts of reduced access to abortion and family planning services on abortions, births, and contraceptive purchases. Journal of Public Economics, 167, 43–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.08.009
- Friedline, T., Chen, Z., & Morrow, S. (2021). Families’ Financial Stress & Well-Being: The Importance of the Economy and Economic Environments. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 42(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09694-9
- Galor, O., & Özak, Ö. (2016). The Agricultural Origins of Time Preference. American Economic Review, 106(10), 3064–3103. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150020
- Goossens, J., Beeckman, D., Van Hecke, A., Delbaere, I., & Verhaeghe, S. (2018). Preconception lifestyle changes in women with planned pregnancies. Midwifery, 56, 112–120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.10.004
- Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2020). The economic impacts of learning losses. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/21908d74-en
- Hardee, K., & Jordan, S. (2021). Advancing Rights-Based Family Planning from 2020 to 2030. Open Access Journal of Contraception, 12(null), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S324678
- Heckman, J. J., & Karapakula, G. (2019). Intergenerational and intragenerational externalities of the Perry Preschool Project. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25889
- Islam, M. R. (2024). Exploring Family Planning Strategies. In Family Planning and Sustainable Development in Bangladesh: Empowering Marginalized Communities in Asian Contexts (pp. 23–43). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83549-164-520241003
- Jejeebhoy, S. J., & Sathar, Z. (2024). Revisiting women’s empowerment and contraception. Population and Development Review, 50(S2), 597–623. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12688
- Juwita, S., Argaheni, N. B., Marni, A. S., & Hutajulu, M. (2023). The Role of Women in Improving Family Welfare through Family Planning Safari Program: The Role of Women in Improving Family Welfare through Family Planning Safari Program. Community Development Journal, 7(2), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.33086/cdj.v7i2.4165
- Laszlo, S., Majid, M. F., & Renée, L. (2024). Conditional cash transfers and women’s reproductive choices. Health Economics, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4768
- Molina, J. A. (2021). The Work–Family Conflict: Evidence from the Recent Decade and Lines of Future Research. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 42(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09700-0
- Namuliira, P., Lokina, R. B., & Pantaleo, I. (2022). Household welfare perspective of family planning utilization in Uganda. African Sociological Review/Revue Africaine de Sociologie, 26(1), 26–52. https://doi.org/10.57054/asr.v26i1.3977
- Nurjaeni, N., Sawangdee, Y., Pattaravanich, U., Holumyong, C., & Chamratrithirong, A. (2021). The role of structural and process quality of family planning Care in Modern Contraceptive use in Indonesia: a multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1790. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11858-7
- Nurjanah, S., Adriana, N. P., Pratiwi, E. N., & Apriani, A. (2022). The Effect of Counseling on Family Planning Acceptors in Decision Making on Contraceptive Devices during the Postpartum Period. Formosa Journal of Science and Technology, 1(5), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v1i5.1277
- Passano, P., Choi, M. A., & Matusiewicz, M. (2023). How Can Girls’ Education and Family Planning Improve Community Resilience to Climate Change in the Sahel? The Journal of Population and Sustainability, 7(2), 59–88. https://doi.org/10.3197/jps.63799953906869
- Peleg, O., & Peleg, M. (2025). Is Resilience the Bridge Connecting Social and Family Factors to Mental Well-Being and Life Satisfaction? Contemporary Family Therapy, 47(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-024-09707-x
- Price, S. J., Price, C. A., & McKenry, P. C. (2010). Families & change: Coping with stressful events and transitions. Sage.
- Ross, J. A. (2021). Contraceptive use, access to methods, and program efforts in urban areas. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health, 2, 636581. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2021.636581
- Santoso, A. B., Riniwati, H., Asmara, R., Hidayati, B., & Salah, A. K. (2024). Family Planning Education to Advance SDGs with Insights on Fertility and Stunting Reduction. Journal of Nonformal Education, 10(2), 468–481. https://doi.org/10.15294/jone.v10i2.3525
- Seale, E. (2017). The Relational Experience of Poverty: Challenges for Family Planning and Autonomy in Rural Areas. Poverty & Public Policy, 9(3), 331–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.181
- Senderowicz, L., & Valley, T. (2023). Fertility Has Been Framed: Why Family Planning Is Not a Silver Bullet for Sustainable Development. Studies in Comparative International Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-023-09410-2
- Shah, N., Jehajo, N., & Hussain, H. M. (2025). Family Planning Effects On Maternal And Child Health In Pakistan-A Narrative Review. Insights-Journal of Health and Rehabilitation, 3(3 (Health & Rehab)), 34–40.
- Starbird, E., Norton, M., & Marcus, R. (2016). Investing in Family Planning: Key to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Global Health, Science and Practice, 4(2), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.9745/ghsp-d-15-00374
- Suwantika, A. A., Zakiyah, N., Puspitasari, I. M., & Abdulah, R. (2021). Cost‐Effectiveness of Contraceptive Use in Indonesia after the Implementation of the National Health Insurance System. Journal of Pregnancy, 2021(1), 3453291. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3453291
- Tong, M. (2024). Multifaceted Social Work Practices in Tackling Deep Poverty BT - Multidimensional Practice of Social Work for Poverty Alleviation in China (M. Tong (ed.); pp. 87–139). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9681-6_3
- Utami, R., Sampurna, R. H., & Amirulloh, M. R. (2024). Implementation of the family planning program to improve the quality of life of community residents at Cibeureum, Sukabumi city-Indonesia. Malahayati International Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 7(1), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.33024/minh.v7i1.242
- Utomo, B., Rahayu, S., Liyanto, E., Romadlona, N. A., Nuryana, D., Aryanty, R. I., Hidayat, M., Sariastuti, A., Gayatri, M., & Magnani, R. (2025). The Indonesian national family planning program: progress and remaining challenges in implementing a rights-based approach. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 18(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-06-2023-0049
- Vizheh, M., Muhidin, S., Behboodi Moghadam, Z., & Zareiyan, A. (2021). Women empowerment in reproductive health: a systematic review of measurement properties. BMC Women’s Health, 21(1), 424. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01566-0
- Vladislav, E. O., Marc, G., Paica, C.-I., & Pop, O. (2024). Family resilience in a social-ecological context–emotional difficulties and coping strategies. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1421745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1421745
- Woldehanna, T. (2010). Productive Safety Net Program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. Springer.
References
Ahmed, F., Malik, N. I., Bashir, S., Noureen, N., Ullah, S., Ahmed, J. B., Mansoor, T., & Tang, K. (2024). “An obedient wife never says ‘no’ to her virtual god.” High fertility conceptions and barriers to contraceptive use among mothers of Southern Pakistan: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 2157. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19484-9
Algarni, M. A., Ali, M., & Ali, I. (2024). The role of financial parenting, childhood financial socialization and childhood financial experiences in developing financial well-being among adolescents in their later life. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-07-2023-0194
Appleton, S., & Teal, F. (1998). Human capital and economic development. African Development Bank Group.
Ariho, P., & Kabagenyi, A. (2020). Age at first marriage, age at first sex, family size preferences, contraception and change in fertility among women in Uganda: analysis of the 2006–2016 period. BMC Women’s Health, 20(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-0881-4
Asmidar, C., Masni, M., Stang, S., Salmah, U., Bustan, N., & Wahiduddin, W. (2022). Influence of family planning program implementation on the level of family welfare in Wundulako District Kolaka. International Journal of Health Sciences, I, 8268–8282. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns1.6848
Atuhaire, P., Kiracho-Ekirapa, E., & Mutenyo, J. (2023). How equitable is utilization of maternal health services in Uganda? Implications for achieving universal health coverage. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09749-1
Atuhairwe, S., Hanson, C., Tumwesigye, N. M., Gemzell-Danielsson, K., & Byamugisha, J. (2023). Second trimester post-abortion family planning uptake and associated factors in 14 public health facilities in Central Uganda: a cross-sectional study. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine, 8(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-022-00199-4
Banks, J. A. (2024). Prosperity and parenthood: A study of family planning among the Victorian middle classes. Taylor & Francis.
Becker, G. S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago press.
Cahill, N., Sonneveldt, E., Stover, J., Weinberger, M., Williamson, J., Wei, C., Brown, W., & Alkema, L. (2018). Modern contraceptive use, unmet need, and demand satisfied among women of reproductive age who are married or in a union in the focus countries of the Family Planning 2020 initiative: a systematic analysis using the Family Planning Estimation Tool. Lancet, 391, 870–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(17)33104-5
Connor, D. S., Xie, S., Uhl, J. H., Talbot, C., Hester, C., Jaworski, T., Gutmann, M., Leyk, S., & Hunter, L. (2024). Spatial poverty dynamics and social mobility in rural America. Population, Space and Place, 30(8), e2802. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2802
Dang, H.-A. H., & Rogers, F. H. (2016). The Decision to Invest in Child Quality over Quantity: Household Size and Household Investment in Education in Vietnam. The World Bank Economic Review, 30(1), 104–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhv048
der Hatcher, V., Williams, M., Dorin, P., & Switzer, K. (2023). Catalyzing Sustainable Development: Assessing the Impact of Family Plan-ning Programs on Population Control, Reproductive Health, and Gender Empowerment. Law and Economics, 17(2), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.35335/laweco.v17i2.4
Ferede Gebremedhin, A., Dawson, A., & Hayen, A. (2022). Evaluations of effective coverage of maternal and child health services: A systematic review. Health Policy and Planning, 37(7), 895–914. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czac034
Fischer, S., Royer, H., & White, C. (2018). The impacts of reduced access to abortion and family planning services on abortions, births, and contraceptive purchases. Journal of Public Economics, 167, 43–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.08.009
Friedline, T., Chen, Z., & Morrow, S. (2021). Families’ Financial Stress & Well-Being: The Importance of the Economy and Economic Environments. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 42(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09694-9
Galor, O., & Özak, Ö. (2016). The Agricultural Origins of Time Preference. American Economic Review, 106(10), 3064–3103. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150020
Goossens, J., Beeckman, D., Van Hecke, A., Delbaere, I., & Verhaeghe, S. (2018). Preconception lifestyle changes in women with planned pregnancies. Midwifery, 56, 112–120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.10.004
Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2020). The economic impacts of learning losses. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/21908d74-en
Hardee, K., & Jordan, S. (2021). Advancing Rights-Based Family Planning from 2020 to 2030. Open Access Journal of Contraception, 12(null), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S324678
Heckman, J. J., & Karapakula, G. (2019). Intergenerational and intragenerational externalities of the Perry Preschool Project. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25889
Islam, M. R. (2024). Exploring Family Planning Strategies. In Family Planning and Sustainable Development in Bangladesh: Empowering Marginalized Communities in Asian Contexts (pp. 23–43). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83549-164-520241003
Jejeebhoy, S. J., & Sathar, Z. (2024). Revisiting women’s empowerment and contraception. Population and Development Review, 50(S2), 597–623. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12688
Juwita, S., Argaheni, N. B., Marni, A. S., & Hutajulu, M. (2023). The Role of Women in Improving Family Welfare through Family Planning Safari Program: The Role of Women in Improving Family Welfare through Family Planning Safari Program. Community Development Journal, 7(2), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.33086/cdj.v7i2.4165
Laszlo, S., Majid, M. F., & Renée, L. (2024). Conditional cash transfers and women’s reproductive choices. Health Economics, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4768
Molina, J. A. (2021). The Work–Family Conflict: Evidence from the Recent Decade and Lines of Future Research. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 42(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09700-0
Namuliira, P., Lokina, R. B., & Pantaleo, I. (2022). Household welfare perspective of family planning utilization in Uganda. African Sociological Review/Revue Africaine de Sociologie, 26(1), 26–52. https://doi.org/10.57054/asr.v26i1.3977
Nurjaeni, N., Sawangdee, Y., Pattaravanich, U., Holumyong, C., & Chamratrithirong, A. (2021). The role of structural and process quality of family planning Care in Modern Contraceptive use in Indonesia: a multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1790. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11858-7
Nurjanah, S., Adriana, N. P., Pratiwi, E. N., & Apriani, A. (2022). The Effect of Counseling on Family Planning Acceptors in Decision Making on Contraceptive Devices during the Postpartum Period. Formosa Journal of Science and Technology, 1(5), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v1i5.1277
Passano, P., Choi, M. A., & Matusiewicz, M. (2023). How Can Girls’ Education and Family Planning Improve Community Resilience to Climate Change in the Sahel? The Journal of Population and Sustainability, 7(2), 59–88. https://doi.org/10.3197/jps.63799953906869
Peleg, O., & Peleg, M. (2025). Is Resilience the Bridge Connecting Social and Family Factors to Mental Well-Being and Life Satisfaction? Contemporary Family Therapy, 47(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-024-09707-x
Price, S. J., Price, C. A., & McKenry, P. C. (2010). Families & change: Coping with stressful events and transitions. Sage.
Ross, J. A. (2021). Contraceptive use, access to methods, and program efforts in urban areas. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health, 2, 636581. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2021.636581
Santoso, A. B., Riniwati, H., Asmara, R., Hidayati, B., & Salah, A. K. (2024). Family Planning Education to Advance SDGs with Insights on Fertility and Stunting Reduction. Journal of Nonformal Education, 10(2), 468–481. https://doi.org/10.15294/jone.v10i2.3525
Seale, E. (2017). The Relational Experience of Poverty: Challenges for Family Planning and Autonomy in Rural Areas. Poverty & Public Policy, 9(3), 331–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.181
Senderowicz, L., & Valley, T. (2023). Fertility Has Been Framed: Why Family Planning Is Not a Silver Bullet for Sustainable Development. Studies in Comparative International Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-023-09410-2
Shah, N., Jehajo, N., & Hussain, H. M. (2025). Family Planning Effects On Maternal And Child Health In Pakistan-A Narrative Review. Insights-Journal of Health and Rehabilitation, 3(3 (Health & Rehab)), 34–40.
Starbird, E., Norton, M., & Marcus, R. (2016). Investing in Family Planning: Key to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Global Health, Science and Practice, 4(2), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.9745/ghsp-d-15-00374
Suwantika, A. A., Zakiyah, N., Puspitasari, I. M., & Abdulah, R. (2021). Cost‐Effectiveness of Contraceptive Use in Indonesia after the Implementation of the National Health Insurance System. Journal of Pregnancy, 2021(1), 3453291. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3453291
Tong, M. (2024). Multifaceted Social Work Practices in Tackling Deep Poverty BT - Multidimensional Practice of Social Work for Poverty Alleviation in China (M. Tong (ed.); pp. 87–139). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9681-6_3
Utami, R., Sampurna, R. H., & Amirulloh, M. R. (2024). Implementation of the family planning program to improve the quality of life of community residents at Cibeureum, Sukabumi city-Indonesia. Malahayati International Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 7(1), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.33024/minh.v7i1.242
Utomo, B., Rahayu, S., Liyanto, E., Romadlona, N. A., Nuryana, D., Aryanty, R. I., Hidayat, M., Sariastuti, A., Gayatri, M., & Magnani, R. (2025). The Indonesian national family planning program: progress and remaining challenges in implementing a rights-based approach. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 18(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-06-2023-0049
Vizheh, M., Muhidin, S., Behboodi Moghadam, Z., & Zareiyan, A. (2021). Women empowerment in reproductive health: a systematic review of measurement properties. BMC Women’s Health, 21(1), 424. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01566-0
Vladislav, E. O., Marc, G., Paica, C.-I., & Pop, O. (2024). Family resilience in a social-ecological context–emotional difficulties and coping strategies. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1421745. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1421745
Woldehanna, T. (2010). Productive Safety Net Program and children’s time use between work and schooling in Ethiopia. Springer.