Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effects of job promotions and the work environment on employee performance, with organizational commitment serving as a mediating variable, at the Manokwari Regency Education Office.
Research Method: This study employed a quantitative approach with an explanatory research design. The sample consisted of 56 civil servants (ASN) selected through saturation sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire, supplemented by observations, interviews, and documentation, and were then analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with SmartPLS 4.
Results and Discussion: The work environment has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment and employee performance. Organizational commitment also positively affects employee performance and partially mediates the relationship between the work environment and employee performance. Conversely, job promotions do not have a significant effect on either organizational commitment or employee performance.
Implications: Improving the quality of the work environment is more effective than job promotions in strengthening organizational commitment and employee performance.
Originality: Improving the quality of the work environment is more effective than job promotions in strengthening organizational commitment and employee performance.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- Ählström, J. (2010). Corporate response to CSO criticism: Decoupling the corporate responsibility discourse from business practice. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 17(2), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.232
- Aliyah, N. A., & Kurniawati, O. (2022). Effect of Motivation, Discipline, and Work Environment on Employee Performance of PT. New Asia International in Sidoarjo. JMM17: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 9(01), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.30996/jmm17.v9i01.6440
- Ángeles López-Cabarcos, M., Vázquez-Rodríguez, P., & Quiñoá-Piñeiro, L. M. (2022). An approach to employees’ job performance through work-environment variables and leadership behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 140, 361–369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.006
- Annatasya, D., & Rosalina, S. S. (2022). Lingkungan Kerja’Work from Home’selama Pandemi Covid-19: Apakah Berdampak pada Kinerja Karyawan? Jurnal Manajemen, 12(1), 56–83. https://doi.org/10.46806/jman.v12i1.976
- Apascaritei, P., & Elvira, M. M. (2022). Dynamizing human resources: An integrative review of SHRM and dynamic capabilities research. Human Resource Management Review, 32(4), 100878. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100878
- Azmy, A. (2022). Effect of compensation and organizational commitment on employee performance during WFH at digital company. Jurnal Economia, 18(1), 70–88. https://doi.org/10.21831/economia.v18i1.44949
- Cooke, F. L., Xiao, M., & Chen, Y. (2021). Still in search of strategic human resource management? A review and suggestions for future research with China as an example. Human Resource Management, 60(1), 89–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22029
- Damayanti, W. (2024). The Influence Of Job Promotion And Work Environment On Employee Performance At Pt Berkah Cahaya Izzah. Jurnal ASIK: Jurnal Administrasi, Bisnis, Ilmu Manajemen & Kependidikan, 2(3), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.59639/asik.v2i3.78
- Dutta, D., Kumar, K. K., & Mishra, S. K. (2021). Unintended consequences of promotions: Importance of annual incentives for performance management systems. Human Resource Management, 60(5), 787–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22062
- Frastika, A., & Franksiska, R. (2021). The Impact of Motivation and Environment on Employee Performance with Organizational Commitment as Intervening Variable. International Journal of Social Science and Business, 5, 551. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijssb.v5i4.39908
- Gadzali, S. S. (2022). Telaah komitmen organisasi: Pengaruh atas penilaian kinerja, perencanaan karier dan partisipasi karyawan. Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis Dan Manajemen, 8, 534. https://doi.org/10.17358/jabm.8.2.534
- HA, I. (2023). The Impact of Work Environment and Competence on Employee Performance. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v1i2.88
- Hidayati, E. W., Supriyanto, A. S., & Ekowati, V. M. (2021). Work commitment as a mediator of work environment effect on employee performance. MEC-J (Management and Economics Journal), 5(1), 59–66. https://repository.uin-malang.ac.id/8660/
- Huang, W., & Yuan, C. (2022). Decent work and employee performance: a conservation of resources perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 37(8), 716–728. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2021-0505
- Humairah, K. Al, Irawan, A., Ibrahim, M. B. H., Yendra, Y., & Rasyid, A. (2023). Crafting Effective HRM Strategies for Enhancing Organizational Performance and Employee Engagement. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 1(3), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v1i3.183
- Irzani, I., Suryani, A., & Akbar, A. (2025). The Influence of Work Environment and Job Promotion on Employee Performance Through Organizational Commitment at Raden Mattaher Regional General Hospital, Jambi Province. Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 6(4), 1843–1852. https://doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v6i4.2368
- Jiang, K., & Wang, S. (2022). Internal labor markets with two types of promotion and two tiers of salary: theory and evidence from China. China Economic Review, 72, 101756. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2022.101756
- Karoso, S., Riinawati, R., Ilham, R. N., Rais, R. G. P., & Latifa, D. (2022). Analyzing the relationship of work environment and quality of work life on employee performance: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Journal of Madani Society, 1(3), 167–173. http://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2021monterrey/673.pdf.
- Kim, S., Vaiman, V., & Sanders, K. (2022). Strategic human resource management in the era of environmental disruptions. Human Resource Management, 61(3), 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22107
- Kurnianingsih, M. R. P., & Dharmanegara, I. B. A. (2024). The role of organizational commitment in mediating the influence of the physical work environment and organizational culture on the performance of Perumda Pasar Argha Nayottama employees, Buleleng District. International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science, 5(2), 456–474. https://doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v5i2.1036
- Lee, J. Y. (2022). How does psychological safety foster employee performance? A serial multiple mediation of job crafting and thriving. International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior, 25(3–4), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-12-2021-0239
- Margherita, A. (2022). Human resources analytics: A systematization of research topics and directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 32(2), 100795. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.10079 5
- Meunier, S., Bouchard, L., Coulombe, S., Doucerain, M., Pacheco, T., & Auger, E. (2022). The Association between Perceived Stress, Psychological Distress, and Job Performance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Buffering Role of Health-Promoting Management Practices. Trends in Psychology, 30(3), 549–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-021-00136-5
- Mulia, R. A., & Saputra, N. (2021). Pengaruh kompetensi, lingkungan kerja dan motivasi berprestasi terhadap kinerja pegawai negeri sipil sekretariat daerah Kota Padang. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekotrans & Erudisi, 1(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.69989/t1m78k36
- Nag, D., Arena Jr., D. F., & Jones, K. P. (2022). How promotion loss shapes expectations of discrimination: an intersectional approach. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 37(4), 441–456. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2021-0048
- Ng, T. W. H., Yim, F. H. K., Chen, H., & Zou, Y. (2024). Employer-sponsored career development practices and employee performance and turnover: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 50(2), 685–721. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206322112514
- Nurhasanah, N., Saharuddin, S., Khaddapi, S. E., & Muammar, D. (2023). Pengaruh Promosi Jabatan, Pelatihan Dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai BAKESBANGPOL Kabupaten Luwu Utara, 5(3), 435–442. http://repository.umpalopo.ac.id/id/eprint/4206
- Nurkholifa, N., & Budiono, B. (2022). Peran mediasi komitmen organisasi pada pengaruh lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 10(1), 329–343.
- Otto, S., Dekker, V., Dekker, H., Richter, D., & Zabel, S. (2022). The joy of gratifications: Promotion as a short‐term boost or long‐term success–The same for women and men? Human Resource Management Journal, 32(1), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12402
- Park, H., Park, H., & Liden, R. C. (2022). Leader–member exchange differentiation and employee performance: A political perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(6), 1121–1135. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2611
- Poon, T. S.-C., & Law, K. K. (2022). Sustainable HRM: An extension of the paradox perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 32(2), 100818. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100818
- Prasetyaningrum, T., & Hendarsjah, H. (2022). The mediation role of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the relationship between person-organization fit (PO fit) and employee performance. Business Review and Case Studies, 3(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.17358/brcs.3.1.74
- Rachman, M. M. (2022). The Impact of Motivation on Performance: The Role of Organizational Commitment. Jurnal Manajemen Teori Dan Terapan, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.20473/jmtt.v15i3.37848
- Ridwan, M., Mulyani, S. R., & Ali, H. (2020). Improving employee performance through perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(12). http://repository.upiyptk.ac.id/id/eprint/3808
- Robbins, S.R & Judge, T. . (2019). Organization Behavior (Perilaku Organisasi) (Edisi 16). Alih Bahasa: Ratna Saraswati & Febriella Sirait, Salemba Empat Jakarta. In News.Ge.
- Roos, M., Reale, J., & Banning, F. (2022). A value-based model of job performance. PloS One, 17(1), e0262430. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319222
- Samantha, J., & Adiputra, I. G. (2023). Pengaruh promosi jabatan dan komitmen organisasi terhadap kinerja karyawan. Jurnal Manajerial Dan Kewirausahaan, 5(4), 1008–1016. https://doi.org/10.24912/jmk.v5i4.26972
- Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling BT - Handbook of Market Research (C. Homburg, M. Klarmann, & A. Vomberg (eds.); pp. 587–632). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_15
- Tang, W., & Vandenberghe, C. (2022). Affective organizational commitment, self‐concept, and work performance: A social comparison perspective. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 30(3), 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12381
- Wahyudi, D., Marantika, A., & Yusup, Y. (2022). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan, Lingkungan Kerja, Dan Fasilitas Kantor Terhadap Kinerja Perangkat Desa Di Kecamatan Kampar. Jesya (Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Ekonomi Syariah), 5(1), 887–898. https://doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v5i1.658
- Yu, J., Yuan, L., Han, G., Li, H., & Li, P. (2022). A study of the impact of strategic human resource management on organizational resilience. Behavioral Sciences, 12(12), 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120508
- Yuesti, A., & Adnyana, I. D. (2022). The role of organizational commitment mediation on career development and employee performance. Nexo Revista Científica, 35(01), 306–315. https://doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v35i01.13955
- Zhenjing, G., Chupradit, S., Ku, K. Y., Nassani, A. A., & Haffar, M. (2022). Impact of Employees’ Workplace Environment on Employees’ Performance: A Multi-Mediation Model. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 890400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.890400
- Zhu, Z., Chen, X., Wang, Q., Jiao, C., & Yang, M. (2022). Is shooting for fairness always beneficial? The influence of promotion fairness on employees’ cognitive and emotional reactions to promotion failure. Human Resource Management, 61(6), 643–661. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22110
References
Ählström, J. (2010). Corporate response to CSO criticism: Decoupling the corporate responsibility discourse from business practice. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 17(2), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.232
Aliyah, N. A., & Kurniawati, O. (2022). Effect of Motivation, Discipline, and Work Environment on Employee Performance of PT. New Asia International in Sidoarjo. JMM17: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 9(01), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.30996/jmm17.v9i01.6440
Ángeles López-Cabarcos, M., Vázquez-Rodríguez, P., & Quiñoá-Piñeiro, L. M. (2022). An approach to employees’ job performance through work-environment variables and leadership behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 140, 361–369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.006
Annatasya, D., & Rosalina, S. S. (2022). Lingkungan Kerja’Work from Home’selama Pandemi Covid-19: Apakah Berdampak pada Kinerja Karyawan? Jurnal Manajemen, 12(1), 56–83. https://doi.org/10.46806/jman.v12i1.976
Apascaritei, P., & Elvira, M. M. (2022). Dynamizing human resources: An integrative review of SHRM and dynamic capabilities research. Human Resource Management Review, 32(4), 100878. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100878
Azmy, A. (2022). Effect of compensation and organizational commitment on employee performance during WFH at digital company. Jurnal Economia, 18(1), 70–88. https://doi.org/10.21831/economia.v18i1.44949
Cooke, F. L., Xiao, M., & Chen, Y. (2021). Still in search of strategic human resource management? A review and suggestions for future research with China as an example. Human Resource Management, 60(1), 89–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22029
Damayanti, W. (2024). The Influence Of Job Promotion And Work Environment On Employee Performance At Pt Berkah Cahaya Izzah. Jurnal ASIK: Jurnal Administrasi, Bisnis, Ilmu Manajemen & Kependidikan, 2(3), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.59639/asik.v2i3.78
Dutta, D., Kumar, K. K., & Mishra, S. K. (2021). Unintended consequences of promotions: Importance of annual incentives for performance management systems. Human Resource Management, 60(5), 787–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22062
Frastika, A., & Franksiska, R. (2021). The Impact of Motivation and Environment on Employee Performance with Organizational Commitment as Intervening Variable. International Journal of Social Science and Business, 5, 551. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijssb.v5i4.39908
Gadzali, S. S. (2022). Telaah komitmen organisasi: Pengaruh atas penilaian kinerja, perencanaan karier dan partisipasi karyawan. Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis Dan Manajemen, 8, 534. https://doi.org/10.17358/jabm.8.2.534
HA, I. (2023). The Impact of Work Environment and Competence on Employee Performance. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v1i2.88
Hidayati, E. W., Supriyanto, A. S., & Ekowati, V. M. (2021). Work commitment as a mediator of work environment effect on employee performance. MEC-J (Management and Economics Journal), 5(1), 59–66. https://repository.uin-malang.ac.id/8660/
Huang, W., & Yuan, C. (2022). Decent work and employee performance: a conservation of resources perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 37(8), 716–728. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2021-0505
Humairah, K. Al, Irawan, A., Ibrahim, M. B. H., Yendra, Y., & Rasyid, A. (2023). Crafting Effective HRM Strategies for Enhancing Organizational Performance and Employee Engagement. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 1(3), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v1i3.183
Irzani, I., Suryani, A., & Akbar, A. (2025). The Influence of Work Environment and Job Promotion on Employee Performance Through Organizational Commitment at Raden Mattaher Regional General Hospital, Jambi Province. Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 6(4), 1843–1852. https://doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v6i4.2368
Jiang, K., & Wang, S. (2022). Internal labor markets with two types of promotion and two tiers of salary: theory and evidence from China. China Economic Review, 72, 101756. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2022.101756
Karoso, S., Riinawati, R., Ilham, R. N., Rais, R. G. P., & Latifa, D. (2022). Analyzing the relationship of work environment and quality of work life on employee performance: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Journal of Madani Society, 1(3), 167–173. http://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2021monterrey/673.pdf.
Kim, S., Vaiman, V., & Sanders, K. (2022). Strategic human resource management in the era of environmental disruptions. Human Resource Management, 61(3), 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22107
Kurnianingsih, M. R. P., & Dharmanegara, I. B. A. (2024). The role of organizational commitment in mediating the influence of the physical work environment and organizational culture on the performance of Perumda Pasar Argha Nayottama employees, Buleleng District. International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science, 5(2), 456–474. https://doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v5i2.1036
Lee, J. Y. (2022). How does psychological safety foster employee performance? A serial multiple mediation of job crafting and thriving. International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior, 25(3–4), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-12-2021-0239
Margherita, A. (2022). Human resources analytics: A systematization of research topics and directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 32(2), 100795. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.10079 5
Meunier, S., Bouchard, L., Coulombe, S., Doucerain, M., Pacheco, T., & Auger, E. (2022). The Association between Perceived Stress, Psychological Distress, and Job Performance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Buffering Role of Health-Promoting Management Practices. Trends in Psychology, 30(3), 549–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-021-00136-5
Mulia, R. A., & Saputra, N. (2021). Pengaruh kompetensi, lingkungan kerja dan motivasi berprestasi terhadap kinerja pegawai negeri sipil sekretariat daerah Kota Padang. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekotrans & Erudisi, 1(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.69989/t1m78k36
Nag, D., Arena Jr., D. F., & Jones, K. P. (2022). How promotion loss shapes expectations of discrimination: an intersectional approach. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 37(4), 441–456. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2021-0048
Ng, T. W. H., Yim, F. H. K., Chen, H., & Zou, Y. (2024). Employer-sponsored career development practices and employee performance and turnover: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 50(2), 685–721. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206322112514
Nurhasanah, N., Saharuddin, S., Khaddapi, S. E., & Muammar, D. (2023). Pengaruh Promosi Jabatan, Pelatihan Dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai BAKESBANGPOL Kabupaten Luwu Utara, 5(3), 435–442. http://repository.umpalopo.ac.id/id/eprint/4206
Nurkholifa, N., & Budiono, B. (2022). Peran mediasi komitmen organisasi pada pengaruh lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 10(1), 329–343.
Otto, S., Dekker, V., Dekker, H., Richter, D., & Zabel, S. (2022). The joy of gratifications: Promotion as a short‐term boost or long‐term success–The same for women and men? Human Resource Management Journal, 32(1), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12402
Park, H., Park, H., & Liden, R. C. (2022). Leader–member exchange differentiation and employee performance: A political perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(6), 1121–1135. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2611
Poon, T. S.-C., & Law, K. K. (2022). Sustainable HRM: An extension of the paradox perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 32(2), 100818. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100818
Prasetyaningrum, T., & Hendarsjah, H. (2022). The mediation role of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the relationship between person-organization fit (PO fit) and employee performance. Business Review and Case Studies, 3(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.17358/brcs.3.1.74
Rachman, M. M. (2022). The Impact of Motivation on Performance: The Role of Organizational Commitment. Jurnal Manajemen Teori Dan Terapan, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.20473/jmtt.v15i3.37848
Ridwan, M., Mulyani, S. R., & Ali, H. (2020). Improving employee performance through perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(12). http://repository.upiyptk.ac.id/id/eprint/3808
Robbins, S.R & Judge, T. . (2019). Organization Behavior (Perilaku Organisasi) (Edisi 16). Alih Bahasa: Ratna Saraswati & Febriella Sirait, Salemba Empat Jakarta. In News.Ge.
Roos, M., Reale, J., & Banning, F. (2022). A value-based model of job performance. PloS One, 17(1), e0262430. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319222
Samantha, J., & Adiputra, I. G. (2023). Pengaruh promosi jabatan dan komitmen organisasi terhadap kinerja karyawan. Jurnal Manajerial Dan Kewirausahaan, 5(4), 1008–1016. https://doi.org/10.24912/jmk.v5i4.26972
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling BT - Handbook of Market Research (C. Homburg, M. Klarmann, & A. Vomberg (eds.); pp. 587–632). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_15
Tang, W., & Vandenberghe, C. (2022). Affective organizational commitment, self‐concept, and work performance: A social comparison perspective. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 30(3), 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12381
Wahyudi, D., Marantika, A., & Yusup, Y. (2022). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan, Lingkungan Kerja, Dan Fasilitas Kantor Terhadap Kinerja Perangkat Desa Di Kecamatan Kampar. Jesya (Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Ekonomi Syariah), 5(1), 887–898. https://doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v5i1.658
Yu, J., Yuan, L., Han, G., Li, H., & Li, P. (2022). A study of the impact of strategic human resource management on organizational resilience. Behavioral Sciences, 12(12), 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120508
Yuesti, A., & Adnyana, I. D. (2022). The role of organizational commitment mediation on career development and employee performance. Nexo Revista Científica, 35(01), 306–315. https://doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v35i01.13955
Zhenjing, G., Chupradit, S., Ku, K. Y., Nassani, A. A., & Haffar, M. (2022). Impact of Employees’ Workplace Environment on Employees’ Performance: A Multi-Mediation Model. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 890400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.890400
Zhu, Z., Chen, X., Wang, Q., Jiao, C., & Yang, M. (2022). Is shooting for fairness always beneficial? The influence of promotion fairness on employees’ cognitive and emotional reactions to promotion failure. Human Resource Management, 61(6), 643–661. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22110