Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study examines variations in Regional Own-Source Revenue (PAD), the General Allocation Fund (DAU), and economic growth across North Kalimantan’s five local governments during 2014–2023.
Research Method: The study uses an observational panel-data design based on 50 local-government-year observations obtained from Statistics Indonesia and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance. Descriptive analysis and the Pesaran cross-sectional dependence test were applied. Spatial panel estimation was excluded because the five-unit cross-sectional dimension was insufficient for stable spatial parameters and the original weights matrix could not be reproduced.
Results and Discussion: Economic growth and fiscal capacity varied substantially across jurisdictions and years. The Pesaran CD statistic was 9.215 (p<0.001), indicating general residual dependence, but not geographically structured spatial dependence. Accordingly, no reliable spatial or causal conclusion regarding PAD and DAU was retained.
Implications: Fiscal policy should consider regional heterogeneity, revenue composition, transfer dependence, and common economic shocks. Broader samples and explicit endogeneity strategies are required for confirmatory analysis.
Originality: The study provides context-specific fiscal evidence from Indonesia’s newest border province while clarifying the distinction between cross-sectional and spatial dependence.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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- Cartone, A., Panzera, D., & Postiglione, P. (2022). Regional economic disparities, spatial dependence and proximity structures. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 14(5), 1034–1051. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12482
- Carullo, D., Di Caro, P., & Fratesi, U. (2025). The role of employment, labor productivity and trade linkages in the evolution of European regional disparities. The Annals of Regional Science, 74(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-024-01351-5
- Chen, Y., Kpoviessi, D. O., & Aginta, H. (2023). Investigating regional income convergence in China: an exploratory spatio-temporal perspective. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 16(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-023-00343-x
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- Elhorst, J. P. (2014). Spatial econometrics: from cross-sectional data to spatial panels (Vol. 479). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40340-8
- Evcim, N., & Yesilyurt, M. E. (2023). Spatial interaction and economic growth: a case of OECD countries. Future Business Journal, 9(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00270-9
- Hutasuhut, N., Yahya, I., & Erwin, K. (2025). Analysis of the Effect of Local Own-Source Revenue, General Allocation Funds, Special Allocation Funds, And Village Funds on Economic Growth with Capital Expenditure as a Moderating Variable in Regency / City of Sumatera. International Journal of Research and Review, 12(September), 621–637. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20250959
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- Piribauer, P., Glocker, C., & Krisztin, T. (2023). Beyond distance: The spatial relationships of European regional economic growth. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 155, 104735. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2023.104735
- Prasetyo, H., Kartikasari, E. D., Mahmudah, A., & Salukh, A. (2022). Effect of Regional Genuine Revenue and General Allocation Funds on Economic Growth with Regional Expenditures as Intervening Variables (Study On the Regencies/Cities in East Java 2019-2021). Review of Politics and Public Policy in Emerging Economies, 4(2), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.26710/rope.v4i2.2761
- Puspitasari, H., Khusaini, M., & Pangestuty, F. W. (2023). Analisis pendapatan daerah terhadap produk domestik regional bruto melalui belanja modal Kawasan Gerbangkertosusila. Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara Dan Kebijakan Publik, 8(2), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.33105/itrev.v8i2.487
- Rahman, A., & Restiatun, R. (2023). Pengaruh Jumlah Penduduk, Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor, dan Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah di Kalimantan Barat. Sebatik, 27(2), 699–707. https://doi.org/10.46984/sebatik.v27i2.2370
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- Ridho, M. A. M., & Wijayanti, D. (2022). Analisis pengaruh dana alokasi umum, dana alokasi khusus, dana bagi hasil pajak, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Jurnal Kebijakan Ekonomi dan Keuangan, 1(1 SE), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.20885/JKEK.vol1.iss1.art7
- Rowena, E. F., & Hanifa, N. (2024). Pengaruh Pendapatan Asli Daerah dan Dana Alokasi Umum Terhadap Belanja Modal pada Provinsi di Indonesia. Independent: Journal of Economics, 4(2 SE-Article), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.26740/independent.v4i2.60998
- Safriyeni, S., & Hidayat, T. (2024). Pengaruh Pendapatan Asli Daerah, Dana Alokasi Umum, dan Dana Alokasi Khusus terhadap Belanja Modal pada Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Jurnal Ekobistek, 13(4), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.35134/ekobistek.v13i4.865
- Shah, A. (2006). A practitioner’s guide to intergovernmental fiscal transfers.
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- Sinaga, N., Nelvia, R., Wineh, S., Suliska, G., & Ade Tribuana Anjaya, R. (2024). Pengaruh Pendapatan Asli Daerah terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Terapan (JIMT), 5(6). https://doi.org/10.38035/jimt.v5i6.2648
- Tobler, W. R. (1970). A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region. Economic Geography, 46(sup1), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.2307/143141
- Tuwaidan, G. K., Masinambow, V. A. J., & Kawung, G. M. V. (2024). The Influence of Regional Own-Source Revenue, General Allocation Funds, Special Allocation Funds, and Capital Expenditure on Regional Financial Independence Through Economic Growth in North Sulawesi Province. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains, 5(12), 3134–3150. https://doi.org/10.59141/jiss.v5i12.1525
- Yakub, H., Wijaya, A., & Effendi, A. S. (2022). Analisis efektivitas dan efisiensi pajak daerah serta retribusi daerah dan kotribusinya terhadap pendapatan asli daerah. KINERJA: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 19(1), 15–28. https://journal.feb.unmul.ac.id/index.php/KINERJA/article/view/10789
- Zhang, J., Teng, T., Wang, T., & Zeng, G. (2024). The Path Innovation of Regional Economic Growth: Data Analysis Based on China. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(4), 20111–20134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-01847-7
References
Albalate, D., Bel, G., & Mazaira‐Font, F. A. (2022). Geography and regional economic growth: The high cost of deviating from nature. Journal of Regional Science, 62(2), 360–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12568
Andhini, S., Gunawan, J., & Chen, H.-Y. (2023). Influence of general allocation fund, special allocation fund, and capital expenditure on financial performance of local government. International Journal of Contemporary Accounting, 5(2), 125–140. https://doi.org/10.25105/ijca.v5i2.17381
Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial econometrics: methods and models (Vol. 4). Springer Science & Business Media.
Cartone, A., Panzera, D., & Postiglione, P. (2022). Regional economic disparities, spatial dependence and proximity structures. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 14(5), 1034–1051. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12482
Carullo, D., Di Caro, P., & Fratesi, U. (2025). The role of employment, labor productivity and trade linkages in the evolution of European regional disparities. The Annals of Regional Science, 74(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-024-01351-5
Chen, Y., Kpoviessi, D. O., & Aginta, H. (2023). Investigating regional income convergence in China: an exploratory spatio-temporal perspective. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 16(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-023-00343-x
Deftian Fitra Pradana, & Risqi Noor Hidayati Putri. (2025). Analisis Pendapatan Asli Daerah Dalam Mendorong Pertumbuhan Ekonomi: Studi Pada Wilayah Gerbangkertosusila . Independent: Journal of Economics, 5(2 SE-Article), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.26740/independent.v5i2.71471
Devi Utami Rika Safitri, & Widarjono, A. (2023). Analisis efisiensi pengelolaan Dana Alokasi Umum Kabupaten atau Kota di Pulau Kalimantan. Jurnal Kebijakan Ekonomi dan Keuangan, 2(2 SE-). https://doi.org/10.20885/JKEK.vol2.iss2.art15
Dewi, I. S., & Huda, S. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Pendapatan Asli Daerah, Dana Alokasi Umum, dan Dana Alokasi Khusus terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kabupaten Pamekasan. Al-Buhuts, 19(2), 449–464. https://doi.org/10.30603/ab.v19i2.3766
Elhorst, J. P. (2014). Spatial econometrics: from cross-sectional data to spatial panels (Vol. 479). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40340-8
Evcim, N., & Yesilyurt, M. E. (2023). Spatial interaction and economic growth: a case of OECD countries. Future Business Journal, 9(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00270-9
Hutasuhut, N., Yahya, I., & Erwin, K. (2025). Analysis of the Effect of Local Own-Source Revenue, General Allocation Funds, Special Allocation Funds, And Village Funds on Economic Growth with Capital Expenditure as a Moderating Variable in Regency / City of Sumatera. International Journal of Research and Review, 12(September), 621–637. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20250959
Jonni Parulian, R., Deliana, D., & Hidayah Napitupulu, I. (2024). Analisis Penerimaan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Ditinjau Dari Kontribusi PAD, Elastisitas PAD dan Kinerja Pajak Daerah Pada Pemerintah Kota Sibolga. Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 5(4 SE-Articles), 744–760. https://doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v5i4.773
Kusumaningrum, E. B., & Sugiyanto, H. (2021). Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Fiscal Stress, Dan Kepadatan Penduduk Terhadap Alokasi Belanja Modal. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis, 27(2), 630–643. https://doi.org/10.33592/jeb.v27i2.1815
Lee, Y., Azlan, A. M. B., & Lim, W. (2023). Dataset on macroeconomic indicators and fiscal decentralisation indices’ variables in Central Java Province, Indonesia. Data in Brief, 50, 109554. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.109554
LeSage, J. (2009). RK Pace Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. Boca Raton, Chapman and Hall.
Maula, K. A., Alfiyah, K. N., Mubarokah, I., Adawiyah, W. R., & Setyorini, C. T. (2023). Factors affecting capital expenditure in districts in West Java Province. Accounting Analysis Journal, 12(2), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.15294/aaj.v12i2.69149
Maulana, H., Syahnur, S., & Abrar, M. (2025). Economic growth in Indonesia: The influence of fiscal decentralization, investment, labor, and human development index. Grimsa Journal of Business and Economics Studies, 2(2), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.61975/gjbes.v2i2.75
Megawati, F. T., Hanifah, I. A., & Ismawati, I. (2024). The Effect of Local Original Revenue, General Allocation Funds, and Special Allocation Funds on Economic Growth and Human Development Index with Capital Expenditure as Intervening Variable. Jurnal USK: Riwayat. https://doi.org/10.24815/jr.v7i1.37379
Nany, M., Mujiyono, M., & Seseliya, S. (2022). Pendapatan Daerah, Belanja Daerah, Dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Kota/Kabupaten Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 25(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.31941/jebi.v25i2.2367
Oates, W. E. (1972). Fiscal Federalism, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. New York, 35.
Piribauer, P., Glocker, C., & Krisztin, T. (2023). Beyond distance: The spatial relationships of European regional economic growth. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 155, 104735. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2023.104735
Prasetyo, H., Kartikasari, E. D., Mahmudah, A., & Salukh, A. (2022). Effect of Regional Genuine Revenue and General Allocation Funds on Economic Growth with Regional Expenditures as Intervening Variables (Study On the Regencies/Cities in East Java 2019-2021). Review of Politics and Public Policy in Emerging Economies, 4(2), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.26710/rope.v4i2.2761
Puspitasari, H., Khusaini, M., & Pangestuty, F. W. (2023). Analisis pendapatan daerah terhadap produk domestik regional bruto melalui belanja modal Kawasan Gerbangkertosusila. Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara Dan Kebijakan Publik, 8(2), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.33105/itrev.v8i2.487
Rahman, A., & Restiatun, R. (2023). Pengaruh Jumlah Penduduk, Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor, dan Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah di Kalimantan Barat. Sebatik, 27(2), 699–707. https://doi.org/10.46984/sebatik.v27i2.2370
Rahmawati, S., & Yuliana, I. (2022). Pengaruh Pendapatan Asli Daerah terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dengan Tingkat Pengangguran sebagai Variabel Moderasi di Kabupaten Pamekasan pada Tahun 2010-2020. Jurnal Masharif Al-Syariah: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah, 7(3).
Ridho, M. A. M., & Wijayanti, D. (2022). Analisis pengaruh dana alokasi umum, dana alokasi khusus, dana bagi hasil pajak, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Jurnal Kebijakan Ekonomi dan Keuangan, 1(1 SE), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.20885/JKEK.vol1.iss1.art7
Rowena, E. F., & Hanifa, N. (2024). Pengaruh Pendapatan Asli Daerah dan Dana Alokasi Umum Terhadap Belanja Modal pada Provinsi di Indonesia. Independent: Journal of Economics, 4(2 SE-Article), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.26740/independent.v4i2.60998
Safriyeni, S., & Hidayat, T. (2024). Pengaruh Pendapatan Asli Daerah, Dana Alokasi Umum, dan Dana Alokasi Khusus terhadap Belanja Modal pada Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Jurnal Ekobistek, 13(4), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.35134/ekobistek.v13i4.865
Shah, A. (2006). A practitioner’s guide to intergovernmental fiscal transfers.
Sibolga Marbun, K. N., & M. (2023). Pengaruh tenaga kerja dan PAD terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi serta dampaknya terhadap kemiskinan di Kabupaten Ngawi. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi (JUPE), 11(3 SE-Articles), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.26740/jupe.v11n3.p320-327
Sinaga, N., Nelvia, R., Wineh, S., Suliska, G., & Ade Tribuana Anjaya, R. (2024). Pengaruh Pendapatan Asli Daerah terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Terapan (JIMT), 5(6). https://doi.org/10.38035/jimt.v5i6.2648
Tobler, W. R. (1970). A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region. Economic Geography, 46(sup1), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.2307/143141
Tuwaidan, G. K., Masinambow, V. A. J., & Kawung, G. M. V. (2024). The Influence of Regional Own-Source Revenue, General Allocation Funds, Special Allocation Funds, and Capital Expenditure on Regional Financial Independence Through Economic Growth in North Sulawesi Province. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains, 5(12), 3134–3150. https://doi.org/10.59141/jiss.v5i12.1525
Yakub, H., Wijaya, A., & Effendi, A. S. (2022). Analisis efektivitas dan efisiensi pajak daerah serta retribusi daerah dan kotribusinya terhadap pendapatan asli daerah. KINERJA: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 19(1), 15–28. https://journal.feb.unmul.ac.id/index.php/KINERJA/article/view/10789
Zhang, J., Teng, T., Wang, T., & Zeng, G. (2024). The Path Innovation of Regional Economic Growth: Data Analysis Based on China. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(4), 20111–20134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-01847-7