Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study examines the influence of Tri Hita Karana on employees’ work–life balance, focusing on its three dimensions: Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan.
Research Method: A quantitative survey was conducted among employees working in various organizations in Bali. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with the Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) approach. Respondents were selected through purposive sampling based on predetermined criteria.
Results and Discussion: The findings demonstrate that Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan each have a positive and significant effect on employees’ work–life balance. The results suggest that spiritual harmony, interpersonal relationships, and environmental balance embedded in Tri Hita Karana collectively contribute to employees’ ability to manage work and personal responsibilities.
Implication: Organizations can incorporate Tri Hita Karana values into organizational culture and employee well-being initiatives to foster a more harmonious and supportive work environment.
Originality: This study extends work–life balance research by integrating Tri Hita Karana as an indigenous cultural framework, highlighting the relevance of Balinese local wisdom in explaining employee well-being and organizational practices.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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- https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1472977
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- Dumitriu, S., Bocean, C. G., Vărzaru, A. A., Al-Floarei, A. T., Sperdea, N. M., Popescu,
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- https://doi.org/10.3390/su117062613
- Na'im, S., & Bahtiar, Y. (2024). Meta-Analysis of Work Life Balance Policies and Their Impact on Employee Well Being. eScience Humanity Journal, 4(2), 419-425.. https://doi.org/10.37296/esci.v4i2.155
- Hayati, D. S., & Syahrizal. (2025). The Effect of Work-Family Conflict and Workload on Work-Life Balance: The Moderating Role of Family Supportive Supervisor Behavior and Coworker Support. IJEBSS, 3, 1-9. https://0.58451/ijebss.v3i4.236
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- Kharisma, D. O. L., Handoyo, S. E., & Arifin, A. H. (2025). Tri Hita Karana: Mediating Work-Life Balance to Enhance Employee Performance at Mandiri Finance. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Jagaditha, 12(1), 94-108.
- https://doi.org/10.22225/jj.12.1.2025.94-108
- Kähkönen, T. (2023). Remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic: identification of working life impacts, employees’ data protection abilities and trust outcomes. Journal of organizational change management, 36(3), 472-492.
- https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-06-2022-0179
- Kurtuluş, E., Kurtuluş, H. Y., Birel, S., & Batmaz, H. (2023). The effect of social support on work-life balance: The role of psychological well-being. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 10(1), 239-249.
- https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.1152323
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- Luthfi, B. A., Soeling, P. D., & Wijaya, C. (2025). The Impact of Dual-Experience Flexible Work Arrangements on Employee Performance: The Moderating Role of E-Work Self-Efficacy. Journal Research of Social Science, Economics & Management, 4(6). https://10.59141/jrssem.v4i6.769
- Morganson, V. J., Major, D. A., Oborn, K. L., Verive, J. M., & Heelan, M. P. (2020). Comparing telework locations and psychological outcomes. Journal of Business and Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011056941
- Metera, I. G. M., Sugiarka, I. G., Sukrayasa, I. W., Widyastuti, N. P., & Rumbay, C. A. (2025). Designing Etnopedagogy: The Philosophy of Tri Hita Karana as The Foundation of Educational Values. Advances In Social Humanities Research, 3(3), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.46799/adv.v3i3.356
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- https://www.jurnal.ekadanta.org/index.php/sruti/article/view/620
- Nikensari, G. A., & Arie Yudhistira, P. G. (2024). Spirituality in the Workplace: Enhanced Job Satisfaction Through Employee Well-being and Work-life Balance. Jurnal Manajemen Teori dan Terapan, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.20473/jmtt.v17i2.57090
- Rismawan, P. A. E., Riana, I. G., Surya, I. B. K., & Putra, M. S. (2024). Work-life balance in Balinese perspective: A systematic literature review. Journal of Production, Operations Management And Economics. HM Publishers, (45), 38-49.
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- Shockley, K. M., Clark, M. A., Dodd, H., & King, E. B. (2021). Work-family strategies during COVID-19: Examining boundary management and well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2020-82355-001
- Sadick, A. M., & Kamardeen, I. (2020). Enhancing employees’ performance and well¬being with nature exposure embedded office workplace design. Journal of building engineering, 32, 101789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101789
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- Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Achieving effective remote working: A work design perspective. Applied Psychology: An International Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12290
- Wicaksono, D., Kurniawan, I. S., & Purnamarini, T. R. (2026). The Influence of Social Support on Work-Life Balance with Job Satisfaction as a Mediatior among Employees of PT Aseli Dagadu Djokdja. Jurnal Manajemen Motivasi, 22(1), 1391-1399. https://doi.org/10.29406/jmm.v22i1.8647
- Wnuk, M. (2024). Spirituality, organizational gratefulness, and well-being among Polish workers. Journal of religion and health, 63(6), 4130-4155.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-024-02036-1
- Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2021). Individual differences and changes in well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. https://10.1093/geroni/igab046.2735
References
Alinejad, N., Khosromanesh, F., Bijani, M., Taghinezhad, A., Khiyali, Z., & Dehghan, A. (2025). Spiritual well-being, resilience, and health-promoting lifestyle among older adult hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study. BMC geriatrics, 25(1), 265. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-05877-x
Allen, T. D., Merlo, K., Lawrence, R. C., Slutsky, J., & Gray, C. E. (2021). Boundary management and work–nonwork balance while working from home. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 60–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12300
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2022). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 27(3), 273–285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Brannen, M. Y., Piekkari, R., & Tietze, S. (2021). The multifaceted role of language in international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(4), 1–20. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/jibs.2014.24.pdf
Bai, Y., & Zhou, J. (2025). Coworker support, work–family conflict, job satisfaction, and turnover intention: female ebmployees in post-organizational socialization. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1472977.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1472977
Chandra, S. & Kumar, S. (2025). Workplace Spirituality and Employee Well-Being: A Systematic Literature Review. Mind and Society. 14(2): 55-66.
https://doi.org/10.56011/mindmri-142-20252.
Cooke, F. L., Xiao, M., & Xiao, Q. (2021). Extending the frontier of research on HRM in emerging markets. Human Resource Management Review, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1803949
Chen, H. Y. J., & Fang, C. Y. F. (2025). Sustainable Workplaces and Employee Well-Being: A Systematic Review of ESG-Linked Physical Activity Programs. In Healthcare. 13(23). https://10.3390/healthcare13233146
Dewi, N. L. M. C., & Oktavia, K. (2025). The Implementation of Tri Hita Karana Values in the Modern Work Culture of Great Value Medi Group. Journal of Syntax Literate, 10(8). https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A14%3A18910414/detailv2?sid=ebsc o%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A187851573&crl=c&link_origin=sc holar.google.co.id
E-Vahdati, S., Noor, N. A. M., Mah, P. Y., Chuah, F., & Md Isa, F. (2023). Social and environmental sustainability, workers’ well-being, and affective organizational commitment in palm oil industries. Sustainability, 15(12), 9514.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129514
Dumitriu, S., Bocean, C. G., Vărzaru, A. A., Al-Floarei, A. T., Sperdea, N. M., Popescu,
F. L., & Băloi, I. C. (2025). The role of the workplace environment in shaping employees’ well-being. Sustainability, 17(6), 2613.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su117062613
Na'im, S., & Bahtiar, Y. (2024). Meta-Analysis of Work Life Balance Policies and Their Impact on Employee Well Being. eScience Humanity Journal, 4(2), 419-425.. https://doi.org/10.37296/esci.v4i2.155
Hayati, D. S., & Syahrizal. (2025). The Effect of Work-Family Conflict and Workload on Work-Life Balance: The Moderating Role of Family Supportive Supervisor Behavior and Coworker Support. IJEBSS, 3, 1-9. https://0.58451/ijebss.v3i4.236
Hamka, Suen, M. W., Ramadhan, Y. A., Yusuf, M., & Wang, J. H. (2022). Spiritual well¬being, depression, anxiety, and stress in Indonesian Muslim communities during COVID-19. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 3013-3025. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S381926
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage.
Hobfoll, S. E., et al. (2020). Conservation of resources in the organizational context. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640
Jing, C., Keasey, K., & Xu, B. (2023). Environmental sustainability and employee satisfaction. Economics Letters, 233, 111402.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111402
Kramar, R. (2022). Sustainable human resource management: Six defining characteristics. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 60(1), 146–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12321
Kundi, Y. M., Aboramadan, M., Elhamalawi, E. M. I., & Shahid, S. (2021). Employee psychological well-being and job performance: Exploring the role of workplace support. International Journal of Organizational Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-05-2020-2204
Kharisma, D. O. L., Handoyo, S. E., & Arifin, A. H. (2025). Tri Hita Karana: Mediating Work-Life Balance to Enhance Employee Performance at Mandiri Finance. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Jagaditha, 12(1), 94-108.
https://doi.org/10.22225/jj.12.1.2025.94-108
Kähkönen, T. (2023). Remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic: identification of working life impacts, employees’ data protection abilities and trust outcomes. Journal of organizational change management, 36(3), 472-492.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-06-2022-0179
Kurtuluş, E., Kurtuluş, H. Y., Birel, S., & Batmaz, H. (2023). The effect of social support on work-life balance: The role of psychological well-being. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 10(1), 239-249.
https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.1152323
Lyu, W., & Fan, W. (2020). Work-life balance and well-being: The role of job resources and job demands. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.5.948
Luthfi, B. A., Soeling, P. D., & Wijaya, C. (2025). The Impact of Dual-Experience Flexible Work Arrangements on Employee Performance: The Moderating Role of E-Work Self-Efficacy. Journal Research of Social Science, Economics & Management, 4(6). https://10.59141/jrssem.v4i6.769
Morganson, V. J., Major, D. A., Oborn, K. L., Verive, J. M., & Heelan, M. P. (2020). Comparing telework locations and psychological outcomes. Journal of Business and Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011056941
Metera, I. G. M., Sugiarka, I. G., Sukrayasa, I. W., Widyastuti, N. P., & Rumbay, C. A. (2025). Designing Etnopedagogy: The Philosophy of Tri Hita Karana as The Foundation of Educational Values. Advances In Social Humanities Research, 3(3), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.46799/adv.v3i3.356
Molino, M., Cortese, C. G., & Ghislieri, C. (2020). The promotion of technology acceptance and work-life balance in remote work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2234130
Pham, N. T., Tučková, Z., & Jabbour, C. J. C. (2020). Greening the hospitality industry.
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.12.008
Narti, I. A. (2024). Teologi Tri Hita Karana Dalam Praktik Kehidupan Sosial-Ekologis Masyarakat Hindu Bali. ŚRUTI: Jurnal Agama Hindu, 5(1), 31-41.
https://www.jurnal.ekadanta.org/index.php/sruti/article/view/620
Nikensari, G. A., & Arie Yudhistira, P. G. (2024). Spirituality in the Workplace: Enhanced Job Satisfaction Through Employee Well-being and Work-life Balance. Jurnal Manajemen Teori dan Terapan, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.20473/jmtt.v17i2.57090
Rismawan, P. A. E., Riana, I. G., Surya, I. B. K., & Putra, M. S. (2024). Work-life balance in Balinese perspective: A systematic literature review. Journal of Production, Operations Management And Economics. HM Publishers, (45), 38-49.
https://doi.org/10.55529/jpome.45.38.49
Shockley, K. M., Clark, M. A., Dodd, H., & King, E. B. (2021). Work-family strategies during COVID-19: Examining boundary management and well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2020-82355-001
Sadick, A. M., & Kamardeen, I. (2020). Enhancing employees’ performance and well¬being with nature exposure embedded office workplace design. Journal of building engineering, 32, 101789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101789
Sham, S. N. S., Salleh, R., Sheikh, S., & Saleem, M. (2024). Work-life balance and work-life integration: a comparative analysis through conceptual distinction. Business Management And Strategy Учредители: Macrothink Institute, Inc., 16(1), 39. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2020-82355-001
Sari, S. W. K., & Purwandari, E. (2025). Quarter-life crisis: spiritual well-being as a mediator in the relationship between emotion regulation, social support, religious activities, and quality of life. The Open Psychology Journal, 18(1). DOI: 10.2174/0118743501366061250422091849
Suciarti, N. K., Suwastini, N. K. A., Mahayanti, N. W. S., Minxia, Z., & Mahardika, I. G.
N. A. W. (2025). Analysis of pawongan values as characters that nurtures good human relationship in roald dahl’s the witches. Lakon: Jurnal Kajian Sastra dan Budaya, 14(2). file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/artikel+6+Ni_Ketut_Suciarti_ELE_2021 The_Wi tches_Pawongan_Ver_9.edited-Ver+7%20(2).pdf
Syahir, A. N. A., Abidin, M. S. Z., Sa’ari, C. Z., & Rahman, M. Z. A. (2025). Workplace spirituality and its impact on employee well-being: A systematic literature review of global evidence. Journal of Religion and Health, 64(5), 3313-3345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-025-02350-2
Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Achieving effective remote working: A work design perspective. Applied Psychology: An International Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12290
Wicaksono, D., Kurniawan, I. S., & Purnamarini, T. R. (2026). The Influence of Social Support on Work-Life Balance with Job Satisfaction as a Mediatior among Employees of PT Aseli Dagadu Djokdja. Jurnal Manajemen Motivasi, 22(1), 1391-1399. https://doi.org/10.29406/jmm.v22i1.8647
Wnuk, M. (2024). Spirituality, organizational gratefulness, and well-being among Polish workers. Journal of religion and health, 63(6), 4130-4155.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-024-02036-1
Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2021). Individual differences and changes in well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. https://10.1093/geroni/igab046.2735